Researchers have discovered toxic protein particles, shaped like umbrellas, that soil bacteria known as Streptomyces secrete to squelch competitors, especially others of their own species.
The discovery of the umbrella toxin particles and related information about their structures, composition and mode of action were published April 17 in Nature.
The umbrella toxin proteins are the latest example of these bacteria's varied, combative strikes on their microscopic rivals. The crowded, diverse bacteria communities in which they live are a melee of antimicrobial attacks, counterattacks and defenses.
Ironically, many clinically used antibiotics are derived directly from, or are inspired by, molecules that bacteria use against each other in their natural habitat. Streptomyces' chemical weaponry against their competitors is one of the richest sources of such molecules. Among them is the common, broad-spectrum drug streptomycin.
What makes these newly detected antibacterial toxins different is that, unlike the Streptomyces' small-molecule antibiotics, umbrella toxins are large complexes composed of multiple proteins. They are also far more specific in the bacteria they target.
The authors of the Nature paper speculate that these properties of umbrella toxins explain why they escaped discovery for more than 100 years of research on toxins produced by Streptomyces.
Genes encoding umbrella toxins were originally uncovered through a bioinformatics search for new bacterial toxins. In biochemical and genetic experiments led by Qinqin Zhao in Joseph Mougous' microbiology lab at the University of Washington School of Medicine, the scientists learned that these toxins associate with other proteins in a large complex.
Cryo-electron microscopy of these protein complexes was performed by Young Park in the laboratory of David Veesler, professor of biochemistry at the UW School of Medicine and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
These studies revealed that the toxin complexes Qinqin isolated adopt a striking appearance befitting their discovery in Seattle. They look like umbrellas.
"The shape of these particles is quite peculiar, and it will be interesting in future work to learn how their unusual morphology helps them eliminate target bacteria," noted Mougous, a professor of microbiology at the UW School of Medicine and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
The scientists then sought to determine the targets of these toxins by screening their effects on every organism they could conceivably target, from fungi to 140 different bacteria, including some taken from sorghum plants in the lab of study author Devin Coleman at the University of California-Berkeley and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. .
Among these potential adversaries, the toxins specifically targeted their own brethren: other Streptomyces species.
"We think this exquisite specificity may be due to the proteins that make up the spokes of the umbrella, which vary across the particles. These include proteins that might latch onto specific sugars found on the surface of competitor bacteria," commented study author S. Brook Peterson, a senior scientist in the Mougous lab.
By analyzing the thousands of publicly available bacterial genomes, study authors Dapeng Zhang of St. Louis University and his graduate student Youngjun Tan found that many other species of bacteria also have the genes to manufacture umbrella particle toxins. Interestingly, these species all form branching filaments, an unusual mode of growth among bacteria.
In addition to the many questions remaining to be answered about the basic biology of umbrella toxin particles, Mougous and his colleagues are intrigued by their potential clinical applications.
They suspect that the bacteria that cause tuberculosis and diphtheria may be sensitive to umbrella toxins. They note these same bacteria have become resistant to traditional antibiotics. Umbrella toxin particles might be worth exploring, the scientists suggested, for their potential to subdue these serious disease-causing bacteria.
The study was supported by the UW Microbial Interactions & Microbiome Center (mimcuw.org), which Mougous directs as the holder of the Lynn M. and Michael D. Garvey Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology. The goal of mim_c is to catalyze microbiome research in the Pacific Northwest, with an emphasis on defining the molecular mechanisms of interbacterial interactions underlying microbial communities important to human health or the environment.
The study of umbrella toxin particles was also funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Biological Technology Program: Harnessing Enzymatic Activity for Lifesaving Remedies (9HR0011-21-0012), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (75N93022C00036), a Pew Medical Scholars Program, an Investigators in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease Award from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the UW Arnold and Mabel Beckman cryo-EM Center, the National Institutes of Health S100DO32290, Saint Louis University Startup Fund, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (CRIS 2030-21430-0080OD), and the USDA-NIFA (2019-67019-29306). The study is a contribution of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Secure Biosystems Design Focus Area: Persistence Control Engineered Functions in Complex Soil Microbiomes (U.S. Department of Energy contract DE-AC05-76RL01830).
