A lethal microbial pathogen is lurking in warm freshwater ponds, reservoirs, and rivers around the globe: Naegleria fowleri, colloquially called brain-eating amoeba, causing the disease primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). When inhaled, typically during swimming and other recreational water activities, the amoeba can migrate up the olfactory nerve and feed on the human brain. The infection is almost invariably fatal. With symptoms typically starting 5 days after exposure, patients succumb to the brain damage after another median 5 days.
To date, 157 cases have been recorded in the United States, mainly affecting children and young adults and clustering in the southern states. Last year the incidents have been reported in Arizona, Nebraska and Iowa. Currently, PAM patients typically are given brain penetrable antimicrobial drugs at extremely high doses, which are associated with severe side effects and are largely ineffective, with a case fatality rate remaining greater than 97%.
The sad record of the largest historic outbreak of PAM with 16 fatalities occurred in Europe Czech Republic in an indoor pool. Clearly, PAM is a rare disease. Experts warn, however, that we may encounter amoeba more frequently with global warming, and indeed incidence in the US is expanding to northern states. A multidisciplinary team of researchers at Biocev (Czech Republic), parasitologists and experts in first-stage drug discovery from the Faculty of Science of Charles University together with medicinal chemists from the Institute of Biotechnology, have discovered a potential game changer drug.
‘PAM is a rare disease that falls outside the scope of market-driven research’ said Dr. Zoltner, Head of the newly established Drug Discovery Unit at Biocev, which has the mission to cater to patient’s needs rather than profit. ’Benzoxaboroles, a novel class of organo-boron drugs, have shown great potential to combat infectious parasitic diseases, including sleeping sickness, a brain infection caused by African trypanosomes’. 'Here at Biocev, we had the expertise to put these compounds to test against pathogenic amoeba, which is difficult to work with’ the parasitologist Dr. Sutak added.
Whilst the sleeping sickness drug candidate acoziborole had little effect, the drug screens identified a related benzoxaborole molecule that was able to efficiently eliminate cultured amoeba. ‘It all became very exciting when we could demonstrate a cure in our PAM animal infection model Dr. Šuťák remarked.
The research published in the journal Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy reports that experimental treatment of Naegleria fowleri infected mice significantly prolonged survival and showed a 28% cure rate without relapse, with no evidence of drug-related toxicity. The medicinal chemists Dr. Werner and Dr. Stursa have started to optimize the therapeutic molecule. ‘We have designed molecule derivatives, guided by the molecular mechanism of action that the biologists have established and with the ability to pass the blood-brain barrier more efficiently. It feels like we are just a few steps away from the discovery of the first efficient therapeutic intervention for this horrifying disease.’
Authors affiliation: Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague; BIOCEV
Ženíšková, K., Mach, J., Arbon, D., Štursa, J., Werner, L., Zoltner, M., & Sutak, R. (2023). The 4-Aminomethylphenoxy-Benzoxaborole AN3057 as a Potential Treatment Option for Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, e01506-22.
https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.01506-22
