Escherichia coli (E. coli) are bacteria that can indicate the presence of human or animal waste in fresh water. High E. coli levels indicate poor river water quality and unsafe conditions for swimming and other recreation.
We report on measured and modelled E. coli concentrations in Aotearoa New Zealand's river water and how they change over time.
River water quality in New Zealand is described using six indicators: clarity and turbidity, Escherichia coli, heavy metals, macroinvertebrate community index, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Definitions and metadata has more information about this indicator.
Key findings
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