Study has found that current sports bras do not meet the physical demands of British Army Basic Training (BT)
Findings examine current offerings and highlight the urgent need for a fit-for-purpose bra specifically for demanding roles, particularly in the military
The research aims to provide a transferable framework for addressing equipment needs of physically active women in a range of demanding occupational roles
A new study from the University of Portsmouth's Research Group in Breast Health (RGBH) , in collaboration with and funded by the Army Recruit Health and Performance Research Team, is the first to systematically evaluate and address breast support needs for female tactical athletes.
In 2020, the British Army introduced a professional sports bra fitting and issue service (BraFIS) for female recruits, following scientific evidence that highlighted widespread breast health and bra-related challenges during Basic Training. Since its implementation, bra-related issues have fallen from 75 per cent to 61 per cent, marking a significant step forward in improving comfort, health and performance for women in demanding roles.
While progress is clear, research analysing data from over 300 British Army Basic Training recruits shows that over half still experience at least one bra or breast-related issue, highlighting the need for purpose-designed bras that can meet the unique demands of military training.
The research, conducted between May 2021 and September 2023, delivered the first comprehensive evaluation of sports bras in military training. Whilst current designs did not meet every demand, the study identified key design characteristics for bras in tactical roles, paving the way for future bra provision to enhance operational performance, comfort and, reduce breast-related issues.
Whilst 38 per cent of recruits preferred to wear their own sports bra, the majority engaged with the issued bras. Over 96 per cent wore at least one during training, and nearly half used them five or more days a week. The large uptake demonstrates the value of the BraFIS, as the research highlights opportunities to improve comfort, sizing and task-specific suitability.
Due to the physical demands of roles in the Armed Forces and other arduous occupations (for example policing), this study emphasises the critical role of research in optimising clothing and equipment for effective performance. By identifying key design features and influencing policy, this work is setting a benchmark for female-specific kit across multiple sectors.
This research has already produced recommendations that have resulted in policy changes within the BraFIS, including the introduction of second bra fittings to accommodate changes in breast size during initial training and the provision of additional bras to appropriately equip female recruits.
Dr Jenny Burbage , Associate Professor in Applied Biomechanics & Women's Health from the University of Portsmouth's Faculty of Science and Health , said: "Too many female recruits were starting training in poorly fitting bras, impacting comfort and confidence during demanding tasks.
"Our research takes the next step by identifying what basic training really requires, defining the bra characteristics that work, and evaluating whether current British Army kit meets those operational demands."
Demand for tailored equipment is growing, particularly with the desired aim of achieving 30 per cent female representation in the British Army by 2030.
Lead researcher, Dr Emily Paines , said: "Currently the issued bras don't meet the needs of recruits in basic training. The variation of tasks undertaken creates challenges for a singular bra design, so a selection of bras is recommended until a fit-for-purpose option is developed for demanding roles. Despite strong evidence linking proper breast support to improved posture, performance, and reduced discomfort, bras have not been treated as essential equipment.
"This research highlights the operational importance of proper support and driving positive change."
It also follows previous research exploring breast health and bra considerations for female police officers by the University's RGBH, emphasising how important correct equipment is to reduce pain reduction, minimise sick days and providing future recommendations to best support essential workers.
Dr Alex Rawcliffe, Senior Army Occupational Health Researcher and Technical Supervisor, said: "The strength of this research lies in its scalability. By providing a robust empirical foundation, it moves Defence beyond ad hoc solutions to women's equipment needs.
"Evidence generated in recruits is now shaping the development of structured, evidence-based approaches for trained female soldiers, ensuring policy evolves in line with operational realities."
"Initiatives like this help female soldiers feel valued, especially given their low numbers in the British Army," added Dr Burbage. "The Armed Forces recognise its importance and are investing in it - things are improving, but there is still more work to be done."
Dr Andy Roberts, Head of Army Recruit Health & Performance Research, added: "This research demonstrates our commitment to evidence-based improvements that enhance health, comfort and operational performance for female recruits. By addressing equipment needs such as bra support, we're ensuring that every soldier has the right tools to succeed in demanding environments."
Following the introduction of the BraFIS and evidence-based recommendations, the British Army now provides trained personnel with an annual £50 allowance for sports bras. The Royal Navy has adopted a BraFIS and voucher model, and the Royal Air Force offers a dedicated voucher scheme.
The study not only highlights the importance of sex-specific clothing and equipment but also aims to shape policy and offer a framework for other sectors, including emergency services.
