In the past few years, Starlink's satellite internet service has become available across much of the Pacific. This has created new challenges for regulators in Pacific Island countries: some have promoted Starlink while others have banned it.
Authors
- Amanda H.A. Watson
Fellow, Department of Pacific Affairs, Australian National University
- Atishnal Elvin Chand
Senior Research Officer, Department of Pacific Affairs, Australian National University
What is Starlink?
Elon Musk founded the space technology company SpaceX in 2002, and owns about 44% of it.
Among other projects, SpaceX has launched thousands of satellites into low-Earth orbit, where they circle the globe and enable internet connectivity at ground level. This service is offered through Starlink , a subsidiary of SpaceX.
The first satellites were launched in 2019. Later the same year, Musk demonstrated the use of Starlink internet.
It took a few years for access to be available in the Pacific region. The first known use was in Tonga in 2022, after a volcanic eruption and tsunami.
Satellite internet in the Pacific
Starlink is not the only company offering internet access via satellite technology. However, it is well known and has generated much interest in the Pacific.
Other companies use satellites in low-Earth orbit, such as OneWeb . Another consumer offering comes from Kacific , which provides internet access via a geostationary satellite high above the Pacific. This type of satellite moves at the same speed as Earth spins, so it appears to stay in the same place from ground level.
Starlink access is available in many of the 18 member countries of the Pacific Islands Forum, such as Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu. In several of those, there are both resellers and retailers.
Authorised resellers can sell Starlink products and services, meaning customers can buy Starlink kits and pay their monthly Starlink charges through these companies. Authorised retailers can only sell Starlink equipment.
Gateways and barriers
Nauru and Kosrae (a state in the Federated States of Micronesia) have recently launched more powerful Starlink connections called community gateways to improve internet access for their communities.
Nauru's gateway, reportedly the first in the Pacific, went live in December 2024. Kosrae's followed in February 2025.
In Niue, the government has banned the use of Starlink, warning users of fines or imprisonment for unauthorised use. Satellite provider Kacific continues to operate legally on the island.
In Papua New Guinea, Starlink licensing is before the courts .
Education and disasters
Remote schools across Fiji and Solomon Islands are using Starlink services to improve connectivity in the hope it will enable access to online learning and digital resources. In Fiji, six rural schools now have internet access.
In Malaita , in the Solomon Islands, Starlink is being used in classrooms, funded and supported by an initiative to make education more accessible. Kacific's satellite internet service has also been used to connect schools in the Pacific.
Starlink has been used for disaster communications . It is proving to be a crucial backup for undersea cables, which are vulnerable to natural disasters and service disruptions.
Immediately after a 7.3 magnitude earthquake struck Vanuatu on December 17 2024, causing an outage of the country's sole submarine cable , Starlink was used to maintain communication. As traditional internet services failed, more than 300 Starlink units were quickly deployed, restoring connectivity for residents, businesses and emergency services.
Fast-moving change
Governance responses to Starlink have differed across the Pacific, impacting access for consumers.
Where Starlink has been approved, people can buy equipment and pay monthly usage fees in local currency.
In some countries, Starlink has been approved but no local resellers or retailers have been established yet. In these cases, people can access the service by ordering a kit directly from the official Starlink website , which offers international shipping to approved locations.
Internet access options across the Pacific are changing rapidly. In several countries, Starlink has not yet officially launched.
Further change is likely. For now, governance of Starlink among Pacific countries remains a mixed bag.
Amanda H.A. Watson receives research funding from the Australian government's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade through the Pacific Research Program.
Atishnal Elvin Chand does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
