More than half of the world's population could be living with overweightedness or obesity by 2035 , with a rapidly growing share in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It is also estimated that the global economic impact could top US$4 trillion by that time. These trends are closely tied to the rise of obesogenic food environments; settings where unhealthy food options are cheap, ubiquitous, and heavily promoted.
Walk into any Hanoi convenience store and you will see "Mua 1 tặng 1" (buy-one-get-one) banners on sugary drinks. These promotions are not background noise; they shape habits. In Ho Chi Minh City, over a third of adolescents report drinking at least one sugary beverage every day .
Meanwhile, childhood overweightedness in Vietnam has risen quickly: among children aged 5–19, prevalence more than doubled between 2010 and 2020 . These are not just isolated statistics; they reflect what kids actually face in stores, schools, streets, and on screens every day.
"When the default (food) choice is ultra-processed and aggressively marketed, asking families to 'try harder' is not good policy," said Brice Even, a food environment specialist at the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT. "We must reshape the places where choices are made"
Vietnam's food environments are transforming. Modern retail is expanding, foods are becoming more processed and packaged, and unhealthy food marketing is pervasive across physical and digital spaces. These shifts delivered convenience and (in some cases) safer handling, but they also made less healthy options easier to find and harder to avoid; just as in many LMICs. A new study by the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT and colleagues maps these changes and the policy response to date.
"Vietnam is a vivid case of a broader story: food environments are evolving faster than policy frameworks," said Truong Thi Thu Trang, the Deputy Director of the Institute of Strategy and Policy for Agriculture and Environment, part of Vietnam's agriculture and environment ministry. "We need to act collaboratively to catch up with the reality people face on shelves, streets, and screens."
What was searched and why
The Alliance and colleagues assessed Vietnam's policies using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI), a tool that benchmarks how well governments regulate key domains of the food environment, from labeling and marketing to pricing and retail structures. The findings show that most food environment dimensions score low or very low, with wide gaps in marketing restrictions, labeling, retail regulation, and fiscal policy. The policy recommendations build on research published earlier this year in Frontiers in Public Health.
Five priorities to make healthy diets the easier choice
Drawing on the analysis, Alliance researchers worked with a panel of national experts to co-develop a practical set of policy recommendations. These are designed to foster policy dialogue among non-specialists and policymakers who want high-impact, feasible steps:
- Strengthen nutrition standards for processed foods: Move beyond food-safety compliance to include clear nutrient profiling, standardized definitions of "healthy" and "unhealthy" foods, and targets for salt, sugar, and trans-fat reduction.
- Balance modern retail growth with maintained access to fresh, healthy foods: Support traditional markets and informal vendors that supply fresh, affordable foods; use zoning rules and public procurement to limit the proliferation of unhealthy outlets and to expand healthier options in underserved areas.
- Tighten food messaging rules: Introduce stronger and mandatory limits on marketing to children, complementing (not replacing) dietary-guideline education. International experience shows Food-EPI style frameworks help target these changes.
- Use fiscal policy to improve affordability: Vietnam's new excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages , approved in 2025 and set to begin in 2027, is a major step. Evidence from many countries show such taxes reduce purchases of sugary drinks; extending fiscal tools to other ultra-processed foods and expanding subsidies for nutrient-rich items would further level the playing field.
- Evaluate and enforce what is already on the books. Strengthen monitoring, inspection, and impact evaluation. Broader policy evaluation can help identify gaps, improve effectiveness, and guide future actions.
"This is not about choosing between safety and nutrition; it's about doing both," said Even. "The tools exist. The challenge is aligning incentives and capacity so that they work together."
Vietnam's current progress could catalyze broader progress
Vietnam's decision to tax sugary drinks signals political momentum. Aligning that fiscal shift with standardized definitions, better labeling, and smarter retail rules would create a coherent package; one that many LMICs could adapt. That is the core message of our research: public health goals need to be built into the rules of the game, not left solely to individual responsibility or food industry willpower.
Further reading:
- Unpacking food environment policy landscapes for healthier diets in "emerging" countries: the case of Viet Nam .
- Policy brief: Vietnam Food Environment: Unpacking the national policy landscape
