Working-class women have borne the brunt of cuts to working hours as employers struggle to ride out the pandemic, according to new findings published today by social inequality researchers.
Almost half of working-class women (43 per cent) did no hours of work in April compared to just 20 per cent of women in professional or managerial roles. By June fewer than half of all women in work (48 per cent) were still working full-time hours.
Professor Tracey Warren at the University of Nottingham, and Professor Clare Lyonette at the University of Warwick, are working with the Women's Budget Group to understand how working-class women are responding in real-time to the pressures imposed by the virus.
Today's briefing paper – Carrying the work burden of the COVID-19 pandemic: working class women in the UK: Employment and Mental Health – focuses on patterns of employment and mental health in the first three months of lockdown, as revealed by data from the monthly Understanding Society
COVID-19 UK survey, and explores to what extent the experience of working class women differs from middle class women and from men.
The first wave of results reveals that many more working-class women than men or women in middle class jobs saw their hours cut to zero in the first months of lockdown, with potentially severe financial consequences.
Those working-class women still at work are far less likely to be working from the relative safety of home than women in managerial or professional roles – 80 per cent of working-class women said they were "never" working from home in June.
Working-class women are also the most likely to be keyworkers in roles with close contact with customers, clients and patients - such as undertaking personal care in care homes and looking after children – with greater potential to be exposed to the virus.
Our research shows that working-class women are disproportionately furloughed compared to men and other women - and if they are working, there is a greater potential for women to be exposed to health risks due to the nature of their roles as key workers. "We know these women also care for children and relatives, so with the added stress of worrying about if they were to contract coronavirus or how their household will cope with the loss of 20% of their salary due to furlough, it is no wonder their mental health is suffering.
Although the very high levels of psychological distress among working class women in particular have dropped slightly since lockdown restrictions were lifted, they are still much higher than before the pandemic. The effects of any future lockdowns, either local or national, could be far-reaching and extremely damaging for working class women who provide vital work, both paid and unpaid.
Dr Mary-Ann Stephenson, Director of the UK Women's Budget Group, said: "Working class women have been more likely to be furloughed and are at high risk of redundancy as the furlough scheme is rolled back. The Government's national replacement scheme creates little incentives for employers to keep these women on.
Low paid women in areas where lock down is being re-imposed will be entitled to additional help if they are in a closed down sector, but for workers on the minimum wage or just above, two thirds of current earnings is likely to mean poverty.
Dr Stephenson continued: "At the same time the increase in universal credit introduced at the start of lockdown is due to end in March so low paid workers and those who lose their jobs will be worse off. If the Government is serious about building back better, it needs to take urgent action to protect the employment and incomes of working-class women."
Keyworkers:
60% of women in semi-routine and routine jobs** are keyworkers, in roles that have a high level of social contact.
- More women than men are keyworkers (April – 52% of women v 42% of men; June – 54% of women v 42% of men in June).
- Keyworking is highest among working class women – 60% of women in semi-routine and routine jobs are keyworkers
- Women keyworkers are concentrated in face-to-face roles such as health and social care, child care and education. These are roles with high levels of social interaction and possible virus exposure.
Working from Home:
Working class women are very unlikely to be working from home:
- Only 9% of working class women said they were "always" working from home in June, compared to the average for all women of 30%. 80% were working outside of the home.
- 44% of women in professional or managerial roles said they "always" worked from home in June.
Furlough and working hours:
Working class women were more likely to be furloughed than women in middle class jobs and men.
- Almost half of working class women (43%) did no hours of work in April compared to just 20% of women in professional or managerial roles.
- In April less than half of all women in work (43%) were working full-time hours. 58% of men were still in full time work.
Mental heath
- Across all classes, more women than men reported feeling psychological distress.
- Levels of distress for men and women dropped between April and June
- In April 41% of working class women were experiencing distress, the highest proportion across classes. This fell in June to 30%.
Future Briefing Notes will explore housework and childcare, and changes in employment and financial impacts.
