In remote eastern Afghanistan, aid workers are continuing to race to assist survivors of Sunday's devastating earthquake as the death toll continues to climb, UN humanitarians said on Tuesday.
The magnitude six quake has already left more than 800 dead and at least 2,000 injured, but the total impact could be in the "hundreds of thousands", according to the UN's top aid official in the country, Indrika Ratwatte .
Speaking from Kabul, Mr. Ratwatte said that mud and wooden roof structures were predominant in the affected mountainous provinces.
"When the walls collapse, the roof is what basically falls on individuals, kills them or suffocates them," he said. "Since this happened in the night, everybody was sleeping," the senior UN aid official explained, indicating that many more people may be trapped under the debris.
Massive loss of homes, livestock
Hundreds of thousands could be impacted, "as in houses destroyed, injured, casualties, livestock lost and any livelihood systems that they had", Mr. Ratwatte explained.
In the first critical 24 hours after the earthquake hit, access was "very limited", owing to landslides and rockfalls triggered by the tremors.
"This has posed a huge challenge to us as we deploy right now," Mr. Ratwatte said, stressing that 20 emergency assessment teams have been mobilized alongside 15 mobile teams "which will enhance the humanitarian flights from Kabul to Jalalabad", capital of the affected Nangarhar province.
The UN Humanitarian Air Service has scheduled additional flights connecting Kabul and Jalalabad for personnel and cargo to scale up the response.
The aid official also said that the UN and others are trying to set up or repair damaged mobile networks as there is "zero connectivity" with some affected communities, "and even to bring in helicopters and land," another challenge for the de facto authorities.
"It's not easy to get to these areas and keep shuttling injured individuals," he said.
Disease danger
Mr. Ratwatte underscored the importance of protection work, "including psychosocial support for individuals who lost family and loved ones". He also stressed that it was urgent to dispose of bodies and dead livestock to prevent waterborne diseases, "which can happen very, very fast".
One of the first responders in the affected areas was the Afghan Red Crescent. Joy Singhal, Acting Head of Delegation for Afghanistan of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), said that more people could have been saved if road access were easier.
"Our staff and volunteers sometimes have to [walk] for about four to five hours to reach some of those remote villages," he said. Once they reach their destination "they have to walk back and bring those affected and wounded people into the city centre…the two hospitals there are overwhelmed."
Disaster, time after time
Afghanistan has long faced what the UN's Humanitarian Coordinator Mr. Ratwatte called "systemic humanitarian challenges". Half of its population - or some 22.5 million people - need assistance, while food insecurity has been aggravated by recent drought. Sweeping funding cuts to humanitarian programmes since the beginning of the year have meant that "hundreds" of aid facilities have had to close.
"The earthquake comes at a time where vulnerable communities are going to be super-exposed to additional stresses," Mr. Ratwatte said.
Another major challenge is the return in 2025 of 2.4 million Afghan refugees from Iran and Pakistan, whom communities in the country have been "struggling to integrate", said UN refugee agency (UNHCR) spokesperson Babar Baloch .
"More than half of these are deportations, people who have been put on buses and other forms of transport and left at the borders to go home, and it has already put a further restraint on our ability to support," Mr. Baloch said.
Deported regardless
He also stressed that the majority of returnees are heading precisely to the earthquake-affected areas. In another "worrying" development, Sunday marked "the end of grace period for registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan" and UNHCR is preparing for "significantly more returns" in the coming days.
"These people already with very little resources are now returned to a disaster zone," Mr. Baloch said.
"We are at breaking point in terms of response to the multiple humanitarian shocks in the country," the UN's Mr. Ratwatte insisted.
The $2.4 billion humanitarian response plan for Afghanistan for 2025 is only 28 per cent funded, "and here we have an emergency on top of the crisis situation", he concluded.
