Growth forecasts for the US and other advanced economies have been sharply downgraded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the wake of dramatic swings in US president Donald Trump's economic policy. But could the uncertainty and the turmoil in financial markets eventually be enough to push the world into a recession?
Author
- Steve Schifferes
Honorary Research Fellow, City Political Economy Research Centre, City St George's, University of London
The IMF says that global growth has already been hit by the decline in business and consumer confidence as "major policy shifts" by the US unfold. These are leading to less spending and less investment.
It also predicts further damage from the disruption in global supply chains and inflation caused by tariff increases.
But while the IMF forecasts a sharp reduction in world economic growth in 2025 and 2026, it is not projecting a recession - for now. However, it says the chances of a global recession have risen sharply from 17% to 30%. And there is now a 40% chance of a recession in the US.
The head of the IMF, Kristalina Georgieva, has blamed the slowdown on the ongoing "reboot of the global trading system" by the US. She said this is leading to downgrades in growth estimates, while volatility in financial markets is "up" and trade policy uncertainty is "literally off the charts" .
As part of the IMF forecasts, growth projections for the world's richest countries in 2025 have been sharply reduced. In the US it is down 0.5% to just 1.8% , while growth in the euro area is projected to be just 0.8% . Japan will be growing by even less at 0.6% . Germany - the EU's largest economy - is projected to have no growth at all .
And for the UK, growth has been cut by 0.5%, to a very weak 1.1%, which is in line with forecasts from March . This is well below the 2% projected at the time of the last budget in the autumn. And despite the adjustments made in the UK's spring statement , the downgrade is likely to mean more tax increases, spending cuts, or both.
Some developing countries are doing much better, with India projected to have one of the highest annual GDP growth rates at 6.2% in 2025 . Meanwhile, China's growth forecast has been cut sharply due to the effect of US tariffs. It is now projected by the IMF to be down by 1.3% to just 4%.
Other poorer developing countries will also be negatively affected, but most will continue to grow at a faster pace than major industrial nations.
What the forecast underscores is that the era of rapid globalisation, spurred by trade and integration of financial markets, seems to be coming to an end .
Its rapid spread since the 1950s, which accelerated in the 1980s, led to a huge expansion of the world economy. But it created winners and losers, both between nations and within them.
The Trump administration's answer to this is massive tariff increases hitting countries that stand accused of "ripping off America". The tariffs have several contradictory objectives, including raising money pay for tax cuts; acting as a bargaining chip to open foreign markets to American goods; and encouraging manufacturers to relocate to the US.
Trump has swung between these objectives, and backed down when market reaction became too fierce. These swings have destabilised trade and investment, as well as business and consumer confidence.
Tariffs do not change the fact that many countries can produce the goods Americans want, more cheaply and often more efficiently. And the looming trade war could mean US exporters are hit with retaliatory tariffs, making it even harder to sell American goods abroad.
The inflationary effect of tariffs - raising the price of imported goods - could reverse the recent successes of central banks in taming inflation . It could even force them to raise interest rates - something Trump is fiercely against.
A more immediate effect of Trump's erratic policy-making has been turmoil in financial markets. The US stock market has fallen sharply since Trump announced his tariff plan, currently down by nearly 15% (a loss of more than US$4 trillion (£2.99 trillion) for shareholders).
This matters for the US economy, as most Americans depend on their stock market holdings to pay for their defined-contribution pensions. But even more worrying is the effect on the US Treasury bond market , which has been a safe haven in times of trouble. Foreign investors are now shunning US bonds, driving up interest rates for US government debt and unsettling financial institutions.
Added to the problem is the sharp drop in the value of the US dollar . Trump says he wants a weaker dollar , presumably to make US exports cheaper. But it also raises the price of imported goods and could fuel inflation. Ultimately, it could threaten the role of the US dollar as the world's reserve currency.
Potentially, big swings in normally steady financial markets can presage some of the same wobbles that led to the global financial crisis of 2008. That crisis threatened the solvency of the global financial system - although we have not reached that point yet.
Winners and losers
So what is the most likely outcome of the trade war, and the loss of a single hegemonic economic power? One example is what happened when Britain lost its dominant role in manufacturing and finance after the first world war.
Attempts at rebuilding a global economic order failed, and other major countries (led by Germany and the US) reverted to autarky, stepping back from the international trading system and worsening the Depression of the 1930s.
Just as Trump is trying to do, countries reverted to competitive devaluations. Each tried to make its exports cheaper than those of its rivals, ultimately to no avail. The world was divided into rival trading blocs, and it is conceivable that the US, the EU and China could form three such blocs in future.
The last financial crisis, in 2008, was mitigated by prompt and cooperative action by central banks and governments . They injected trillions to stabilise the financial sector, but even now the damaging effects of this crisis on national growth rates is plain to see.
The IMF has made it clear that it is not just the detail of the tariffs, but erratic US economic policy, that is the main culprit for the potential recession. The rising cost of servicing US debt as investors lose confidence is also raising the cost of the large public debts of other advanced economies, including the UK. This puts more pressure on public spending.
Let's hope that whatever the turmoil, we will not be repeating the mistakes of the past.
Steve Schifferes does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
