Minerals such as lithium, nickel, copper, and cobalt - often called "transition minerals" or "critical minerals" - are playing an increasingly pivotal role globally. These minerals have many different uses across the economy, which include renewable energy and electric transport. Industries and governments are concerned about the supply of such minerals in the future.
The use of these minerals must be prioritised for a fast, just, and green energy transition away from fossil fuels. At the same time, the current economic model - focused on constant growth and resource extraction - needs to shift toward one that is sustainable, fair, and stays within the planet's limits.
There are many solutions that reduce mineral demand and the need for mining. These include sufficiency measures such as improved public services, measures to increase efficiency, technological substitutions, and circularity policies and investments that extend product lifespans and generate new mineral supply through recycling.
However, even with these solutions, studies project that some new mining will likely still be necessary for the energy transition.
As mining continues to pose significant risks to ecosystems, Indigenous Peoples, and local communities, mining must not occur within no-go zones and its environmental impacts must be minimised, with companies acting responsibly and respecting human rights.
The purpose of these principles is to set out a pathway for ensuring that the supply and use of transition minerals is both just and equitable, and they can be adapted into local contexts.
Download the report: Minerals for Energy Transition: Greenpeace's Guiding Principles
