Traditional and Indigenous knowledge could play a vital role in addressing some of the world's most pressing challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and poor health and nutrition, according to a new review of current research.
The analysis, which looked at 39 peer-reviewed studies from around the world, found that while Indigenous and traditional food knowledge is increasingly recognised as a solution to these interconnected crises, health and nutrition education and practice continue to be dominated by top-down, medicalised approaches.
Researchers from the University of East Anglia's (UEA) Schools of Global Development and Education and Lifelong Learning examined how food systems literacy - defined as the knowledge, skills and communication practices that help people engage with food systems - can be strengthened to support healthier, more equitable and environmentally sustainable outcomes.
They say this is an important, though often overlooked element of food systems resilience, involving nuanced knowledge of different elements of the food system, from food production to preparation and consumption.
The review , published today in the journal Nature Food, also explored how different worldviews and approaches to knowledge production influence health and nutrition interventions involving Indigenous communities.
The findings suggest that culturally grounded and participatory approaches are essential for improving food systems literacy and supporting communities to maintain and revitalise traditional food practices.
Lead author Prof Nitya Rao , of the School of Global Development, said: "Existing food systems are failing to adequately address global hunger and malnutrition, with over 600 million people projected to face food insecurity by 2030.
"By identifying both challenges and examples of good practice, our review provides important insights for policymakers, educators, health practitioners and community organisations seeking to develop more inclusive approaches to food and nutrition education.
"As governments and organisations seek solutions to the interconnected challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss and public health, the findings suggest that greater attention to Indigenous knowledge systems could help create food systems that are more sustainable, resilient, equitable and better equipped to meet future challenges."
Drawing on case studies from Indigenous communities across the world, the review highlights the importance of recognising diverse forms of knowledge and fostering meaningful participation by these communities in the design and delivery of health and nutrition initiatives.
Integrating local and Indigenous languages also improves communication, cultural relevance, and inclusivity in both research and health promotion.
The case studies include a range of educational programmes, community initiatives and institutional interventions that integrate local knowledge, cultural values and lived experience.
For example, incorporating K'iche' Mayan perspectives into Guatemalan Food Guidelines and co-designing a mobile health app with Māori and Pasifika partners using culturally grounded language, narratives, and visuals.
In contrast, the review notes that conventional health and nutrition programmes often prioritise technical and biomedical knowledge, which can overlook cultural contexts and the value of Indigenous expertise. This can limit community engagement and reduce the effectiveness of interventions.
While linguistic diversity and the lack of equivalent biomedical terminology do present challenges, interpreter services and community-led health promotion can help bridge knowledge gaps and support equitable care. The studies highlight the need to reconcile Indigenous and Western health worldviews through collaborative approaches.
Communication methods such as storytelling, talking circles, workshops, cooking demonstrations, peer learning, short films and smartphone apps were found to enhance engagement and support effective health and nutrition interventions.
Prof Rao, who is also Director of the Norwich Institute for Sustainable Development , added: "Reclaiming and recognising Indigenous knowledge, values and practices to address the different elements of nutrition and health involves recognising intergenerational and wider social relations, and engaging everyone from the elders, healers, educators and farmers to service providers, policymakers and academics, to together raise issues and find solutions."
The authors conclude that strengthening food systems literacy through collaborative, culturally relevant and community-led approaches, offers significant opportunities to improve health and wellbeing, while also supporting broader environmental and social goals.
'Food Systems Literacy in Indigenous Health and Nutrition' , Nitya Rao, Hélène Binesse, Aswathy Vinod is published in Nature Food on July 21.
