Thirty beluga whales are at the risk of being euthanized at the now-shuttered Marineland zoo and amusement park in Niagara Falls. Marineland said in a letter to Canada's Fisheries Minister Joanne Thompson it will have to euthanize the whales if it doesn't receive the necessary financial support to relocate them.
Authors
- Ann-Kathrin McLean
Assistant Professor, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Royal Roads University
- Carina Yao
Master of Global Management student, Royal Roads University
- Moira A. McDonald
Associate Professor, Director, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Royal Roads University
- Thomas Worry
Master of Arts in Tourism Management student, Royal Roads University
The park has come under intense scrutiny recently due to the ongoing struggle to relocate its remaining whales amid financial struggles, a lack of resources and crumbling infrastructure .
Canada passed the Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act in 2019 that prohibits whales, dolphins and porpoises from being taken into captivity. However, the law does not apply retroactively, meaning whales already held in facilities such as Marineland were allowed to remain there.
Marineland, which opened in 1961 in Canada , was once a massive tourism attraction that drew up to 1.2 million visitors annually to see its choreographed aquatic shows. But the park has been closed to the public since the end of summer 2024 after years of controversy and lawsuits .
The park's reputation has unravelled over the years following a string of beluga whale deaths and other allegations of animal mistreatment .
Marineland's decline is emblematic of the broader debate over zoo tourism and the ethics of keeping animals in captivity for entertainment.
Understanding zoo tourism
There are 23 accredited zoos in Canada . Accreditation is assigned through Canada's Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA) , a not-for-profit organization that ensures the health and welfare of captive wildlife with a mission of " inspiring a future where wildlife and people thrive together ."
Zoo tourism is an industry that is both economic and culturally significant in Canada. Roughly 1,520 people are employed in zoos across Canada, which attracted nearly four million visitors in 2020 .
But even accredited facilities are not immune to ethical and welfare concerns. In 2022, the B.C. SPCA opened an investigation into the Vancouver Aquarium and Greater Vancouver Zoo following allegations of animal cruelty. Marineland, another accredited zoo, has also appeared to struggle with providing adequate care for its animals in recent years .
The ethics of zoo tourism have come under increasing scrutiny as a result of incidents like these. Critics argue animals and marine life in zoos and parks should not be viewed solely as sources of human entertainment, but as beings that deserve ethical stewardship.
Conservation, education-focused facilities
Zoo tourism must shift to providing educational and research opportunities to shape the way people think about zoo tourism. Across Canada, several facilities are redefining what ethical captivity can look like.
Ecological reserves and conservation parks such as the BC Wildlife Park and the Raptors Centre are examples of educational conservatories for animals.
The BC Wildlife Park in Kamloops was recently biosphere-certified , a designation that recognizes its commitment to sustainability, wildlife conservation and alignment with the 17 United Nations sustainable development goals .
Further north, the ethos of the Yukon Wildlife Preserve is firmly rooted in the principles of animal welfare and ecological conservation. Established in 2003 on the site of a former game farm , the preserve focuses on the rehabilitation and preservation of animals that are native to the region. Its mission includes cultivating "reciprocal, respectful relationships between people and the natural world."
Reciprocity between species is a concept that most people are not thinking about when visiting a zoo or aquarium. The relationship between visitors and animals is starting to get re-examined in the public consciousness .
As this concept gains traction, institutions like the Yukon Wildlife Preserve are working to ensure encounters between visitors and wildlife contribute to animal welfare, education and ecological understanding.
Toward a more ethical future for zoo tourism
We cannot undo the past but we can influence the future of animal welfare and conservation. Efforts are already underway to redefine how wildlife is experienced and protected.
In British Columbia, the Fish & Wildlife Compensation Program recently acquired a 274-acre property dedicated to creating a humane habitat for rescued grizzly bears. In Victoria, the Parkside Hotel & Spa is part of an initiative to raise funds to support dolphin rescue and rehabilitation work worldwide.
Innovations like hologram zoos being piloted in Ontario , Australia and China demonstrate how technology could replace live animal performances.
Public attitudes are shifting as people become more aware of ecological protection and animal welfare. What has clearly fallen out of public favour are animals trained to perform in captivity for their food and our entertainment.
The transformation of aquariums and zoos will not happen overnight. But continued investment in ecological education and public involvement can help create a more balanced relationship between humans and wildlife. A balanced approach to zoo tourism will require conservation efforts by experts in the field of research, education and animal well-being.
Ann-Kathrin McLean is affiliated with Tourism and Travel Research Association Canada (TTRA).
Moira A. McDonald is affiliated with Tourism and Travel Research Association Canada (TTRA).
Carina Yao and Thomas Worry do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
