Nairobi, 9 October 2025 The financial system, governance and regulation of mineral exploration and mining must be reformed to ensure greater capital flows and a clean energy transition, say the authors of a new report by the UN Environment Programme-hosted International Resource Panel. With mineral extraction rising to 50% of annual global raw material extraction up from 31% in 1970, financing responsible mining will be critical to a successful and fair energy transition.
Mineral extraction has increased five-fold since 1970, and the market for critical energy transition minerals the building blocks of clean energy technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries is expected to continue expanding rapidly. In 2023 alone, the demand for materials such as nickel, cobalt, graphite, and rare earth elements saw increases of between 8 and 15 per cent. In the case of lithium, demand by 2050 will be equivalent to 9 times the 2022 world production.
This report, Financing the Responsible Supply of Energy Transition Minerals for Sustainable Development, analyses demand, production, trade, and financing of key minerals, highlighting high-concentration regions such as Africa, China, and South America, and presents a series of recommendations for driving finance and investment into responsible mining.
The demand for minerals and metals needed for the energy transition requires a mining industry that contributes to sustainable development, while respecting human rights and the environment. Through sustainable finance, responsible mining can become the default, not the exception, said Janez Potonik, Co-Chair of the International Resource Panel.
A capital-intensive and high-risk industry, mining relies on diverse sources of finance public, private or a mixture of both - for each stage of a project, including the closure of mines, as well as upstream activities in the minerals and metals value chain, such as mineral-processing facilities, metallurgical plants, and metal refineries.
A survey conducted for this report among large-scale mining-related companies confirms that maintaining environmental standards is perceived to be expensive, but most companies considered that this would add less than 25% to their operational costs. However, most respondents believe that environmental, social and governance reporting will attract new investors. In this context, the large investments required by mining companies put the financial sector in a strong position to exert pressure on companies to take account of their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance.
The report also notes that enhancing circularity in the sector could curb demand for additional energy transition minerals. Measures such as recycling targets, government-backed financing and extended tax provisions for recycling infrastructure, incentives for eco-design, or green bonds to fund recycling facilities can reduce the need for virgin materials. Public-private partnerships, public awareness campaigns, and the creation of a global database for former and operating mining tailings facilities are also part of the recommended approaches.
Still, even with far-reaching circularity measures, the scale of investment required is significant. According to the International Energy Agency, achieving net zero by 2050 would require investments in mining energy transition minerals of up to USD 450 billion by 2030 and USD 800 billion by 2040.
The report also recommends improvements in ESG outcomes in artisanal and small-scale mining. It calls for increased transparency, formalising labour through locally tailored licensing procedures, capacity building, tax incentives, funding, technical support, more local participation, and access to geological and geospatial data. An international sustainability framework for this industry could help manage environmental and social risks and improve access to formal sources of finance in the artisanal and small-scale mining sector.
Finally, the report highlights the importance of rewarding responsible mining practices, not only for companies, but also for the communities hosting these activities. Current ESG efforts often go unnoticed or uncompensated in global markets. To address this, the International Resource Panel recommends government-backed certification and incentive schemes, including favourable fiscal policies and improved market access.
To encourage ESG performance, the report specifically recommends:
- Strengthen financial institutions capacity to recognize and finance mining operations that meet high ESG standards.
- Develop a digital product passport for all mineral commodities and their value chains, including ESG information, on the basis of a standard reporting protocol.
- Report financial and ESG outcomes on a site-by-site, gendered and shared value basis by mining companies, that also takes indigenous rights into account, following an agreed industry-wide protocol.
- Include mining that meets high ESG standards in the list of sectors that qualify for sustainable finance and climate finance in finance taxonomies.
- Link mining investments and financing to climate and nature-positive requirements, with mining excluded from protected areas.
- Allow companies with validated ESG transition plans to access sustainable and climate finance.
- Use fiscal, financial, and monetary policies to support investment in responsible mining and infrastructure, and to promote the circular use of metals in society.
- Implement a global ad valorem levy on all companies to fund a Mining Sustainable Development Fund that supports training, capacity-building, legal assistance for developing countries, research, innovation projects, and technology transfer.
- Establish a global database for mine tailings facilities and track the potential availability of minor (or companion) metals.
- Forge mutually beneficial partnerships between the communities and countries that host the mines and the importing and processing countries.
The report will contribute to advancing the work of the Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals, convened by the UN Secretary-General, which details guiding principles on critical energy transition minerals, as well as the 2024 commitment by the International Council of Minerals and Metals (ICMM) for nature-positive mining and the seventh session of the UN Environment Assemblys resolutions on minerals.
