The International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) together with other legal and human rights organisations has formed the Independent Legal Mission on the Peace Process in Türkiye (the Mission). Comprised of five legal organisations, the Mission aims to better understand recent developments related to the peace process in the Republic of Türkiye and contribute to the achievement of a just and lasting peace.
With the Mission's first country visit concluded, marking the beginning of its engagement with relevant national and international stakeholders, on 2 March, the preliminary observations and findings were presented by IBAHRI Programme Lawyer Eleonora Scala at a side event to the 61st session of the United Nations Human Rights Council titled 'Rights of Minorities - The situation in the Syrian Arab Republic and in Türkiye'. Organised by Mouvement contre le racisme et pour l'amitié entre les peuples (MRAP), the side event featured Professor Nicolas Levrat, the United Nations appointed Special Rapporteur on minority issues .
The Mission's preliminary observations and findings are set out in the below statement.
About the Independent Legal Mission on the Peace Process in Türkiye
The Independent Legal Mission on the Peace Process in Türkiye was formed under the auspices of the European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights (ELDH) and the Association for Democracy and International Law (MAF-DAD). In addition to lawyers affiliated with these organisations, the Mission was also constituted with the institutional participation of the IBAHRI, the Union of Italian Penal Chambers (UCPI) and EsCULcA .
On 27 February 2026, one year after the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan issued a call for 'Peace and a Democratic Society', a seven-member independent international delegation concluded its first mission to observe legal developments in the ongoing peace process in Türkiye in relation to the Kurdish issue.
Objectives
The objective of the Mission is to better understand recent developments related to the peace process in Türkiye and contribute to the achievement of a just and lasting peace rooted in the principles established by the UN Declaration on the Right to Peace (A/RES/71/189).
The Mission's work is grounded in comprehensive multi-stakeholder consultations and full acknowledgment of the sovereignty of the Republic of Türkiye and its democratic institutions. Guided by principles of neutrality, transparency and constructive dialogue, the Mission seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the challenges, opportunities and concerns surrounding the current phase of the process, while facilitating open and respectful exchanges of views with all relevant actors.
Methodology
During the visit, the Mission met with human rights organisations, civil society actors, lawyers and political representatives, including members of the National Solidarity, Brotherhood and Democracy Commission (the Commission) established within the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye.
The Mission intends to continue engaging with additional stakeholders, including those with whom meetings were not possible due to scheduling constraints. The Mission has also formally requested authorisation to visit İmralı Prison and hopes that this request may be considered in due course.
A comprehensive report is forthcoming. The following should therefore be understood as preliminary observations arising from the Mission's first visit to Türkiye.
Preliminary observations
The Mission's visit took place one year after the public call made by Mr Öcalan on 27 February 2025, which called for the cessation of armed conflict and the transition toward democratic political engagement.
Following that call, the PKK convened its congress and announced the end of its armed campaign, declaring its decision to dissolve its organisational structure, and undertook symbolic confidence-building steps regarding weapons. Since that time, armed confrontation has ceased, and during our meetings none of the actors consulted expressed significant doubt regarding the seriousness of this declared commitment or its implementation to date.
In response to this new context, the Grand National Assembly established the Commission, opening a parliamentary space in which political parties can discuss issues related to peace, democratisation and reconciliation. The creation of this commission represents an important institutional step, as it situates the discussion of conflict-related issues firmly within democratic and parliamentary structures. The Mission notes that on 18 February 2026, the Commission issued its final joint report, approved by 47 of its 51 members from across the political spectrum.
While the political parties and civil society representatives we met expressed differing views on procedural questions and possible outcomes, there was broad recognition of the importance of this parliamentary initiative. Some stakeholders noted that future stages of the process could benefit from broader participation, a more nuanced understanding of the conflict, greater representation of women, and more detailed and concrete implementation measures.
Some of our interlocutors expressed the opinion that the peace process concerns primarily, if not solely, the Turkish State v PKK conflict. Others underlined that the Turkish-Kurdish issue, in general, should be seen as the root cause. They also declared that the people should be called to express themselves from the beginning through a variety of participatory processes and consultations.
There is broad recognition of the important role of Mr Öcalan in initiating the current phase of the process, and his relevance continues to be crucial, as his first anniversary message (delivered on 27 February 2026) stresses. If dialogue is to advance in a constructive manner, several interlocutors expressed the view that his detention conditions should be considered within a transparent legal framework to allow structured, confidential and lawful communication with relevant actors. Such communication may, where appropriate and in accordance with applicable law, involve representatives of the Kurdish political movement, competent Turkish authorities. and possibly other national and international actors.
In this context, the Mission wishes to highlight the binding force of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), including the judgment Öcalan v Turkey (No 2), as well as evolving interpretation of international human rights standards concerning long-term detention, human dignity and the preservation of future reintegration, a concept referred to as 'the right to hope'.
Advancing a structured and effective process of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration with appropriate guarantees will require the prior establishment of a clear legal and technical framework to ensure proper legal and security guarantees. This requires, first of all, direct engagement and negotiation among the parties involved in the armed conflict. International experience demonstrates that carefully designed legal arrangements, combined where appropriate with third party technical expertise and confidence-building mechanisms, can contribute to trust between parties and within society at large. Consistent with the principles of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) , such processes should ensure the meaningful participation of women, address their specific protection needs along with those of children, and reinforce their role in promoting sustainable peace.
Furthermore, a key theme brought to the Mission's attention is the importance of strengthening public confidence in the rule of law. Regarding the execution of decisions of the ECtHR and the Constitutional Court of Türkiye, the Mission welcomes the recommendations set forth in the Commission's report and notes that all interlocutors confirmed the importance of ensuring the effective and timely implementation of final judicial decisions within the existing constitutional and legal framework. The emphasis expressed during our dialogue was on the value of prompt and good-faith execution of judicial decisions as a confidence-building contribution to strengthening the rule of law. The Mission notes that an effective consideration of the jurisprudential standards within the framework of Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Türkiye's constitutional and legal framework could make a crucial contribution to strengthening confidence in the process.
Certain judgments of the ECtHR and the Constitutional Court were frequently mentioned as illustrative examples of matters relevant to the dialogue process. These include, among others, Selahattin Demirtaş v Turkey (No 2), concerning issues related to prolonged pre-trial detention and political pluralism, and Kavala v Turkey, relating to findings of unlawful detention and the requirement of compliance with the Court's final judgment.
A consensus emerged among the parties the Mission met, with all acknowledging that legal amendments will be needed for the process to consolidate, especially but not exclusively in the sphere of criminal and anti-terrorism legislation, as highlighted also by numerous international human rights organisations. All the same, it should be noted that even administrative acts or decrees can have significant impact on the current scenario; for instance, on the issue of municipal trustee appointments. Many parties expressed their concern about the lack of concrete measures in the Commission's report regarding internationally recognised basic cultural and linguistic rights.
Final remarks
The Mission encourages all relevant actors to continue engaging constructively and to advance, as appropriate, the legal framework necessary to support a lasting and sustainable peace. This peace dialogue opportunity carries significant potential for stability and the protection of human rights in Türkiye, as well as for the broader region, provided it is pursued with transparency, inclusivity, and genuine and sustained commitment.
The Commission has already published its conclusions, and this Mission's statement should not be interpreted as seeking to predetermine or influence those conclusions. The Mission reiterates that these reflections are offered in an independent and strictly observational capacity and are intended to accompany and support the ongoing process through independent observation and dialogue. These comments are offered in a spirit of constructive engagement.
The Mission looks forward to presenting its final report in due course.
