When Salma was just 15, she was forced to get married, even though she wanted to stay in school and become a doctor someday.
Instead, she found herself tied to a man who "changed from being kind to being a monster." He would beat her "with his bare hands," she said recently.
The young mother from Yemen is among the roughly 840 million women worldwide - nearly one in three - who have faced physical or sexual violence at the hands of an intimate partner, such as a former or current husband.
Even worse, this figure has barely changed since the year 2000, with a paltry 0.2 per cent annual decline over the past two decades.
In the last 12 months alone, 11 per cent of women aged 15 or older, some 316 million, were subjected to physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner.
A 'pervasive' injustice
"Violence against women is one of humanity's oldest and most pervasive injustices, yet still one of the least acted upon," said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization ( WHO ).
The lack of progress is documented in a report published on Wednesday by WHO and other UN agencies.
It analyses data from 168 countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2023, revealing "a stark picture of a deeply neglected crisis and critically underfunded response."
For the first time, national and regional estimates of sexual violence by someone other than a partner - a male relative or friend, for example - are included.
Findings show that 263 million women have experienced non-partner sexual violence since age 15, a figure experts caution is significantly under-reported due to stigma and fear.
Funding shortfall persists
WHO noted that despite mounting evidence of effective strategies for the prevention of violence against women, financial support continues to be slashed.
In 2022, only 0.2 per cent of global development aid went to these programmes, and funding has fallen further.
This is happening at a time when humanitarian emergencies, rising inequality and other challenges are putting millions of women and girls at risk.
Violence begins early
Women subjected to violence face unintended pregnancies, a higher risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections and experiencing depression, according to the report.
Furthermore, violence against women begins early, and risks persist throughout life. In the past 12 months alone, 12.5 million young women aged 15-19 have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner.
"The data shows that many women first experience violence from a partner when they are adolescents. And many children grow up watching their mothers being pushed, hit or humiliated, with violence a part of daily life," said Catherine Russell, Executive Director of the child rights agency UNICEF .
The key is to break this pattern, she added.
Action, support and investment
The report was released ahead of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women and Girls , observed annually on 25 November.
It calls for decisive government action and funding to scale-up evidenced-based prevention programmes and to strengthen health, legal and social services for survivors.
Countries must also invest in data systems to track progress and reach those groups most at risk, in addition to enforcing laws and policies that empower women and girls.
"No society can call itself fair, safe or healthy while half its population lives in fear," said Tedros.
"Ending this violence is not only a matter of policy; it is a matter of dignity, equality and human rights."
Salma's dream
Salma is now back at school, after a judge eventually released her to her parents.
She was also referred to safe space supported by the UN reproductive agency, UNFPA , where she learned about her rights, and stands firm in her dream to become a doctor.
"We must act urgently together to end this violence and ensure that every woman and girl, in all her diversity, can exercise her rights, realize her potential and contribute fully to more just, equal and prosperous societies," said Diene Keita, UNFPA Executive Director.
