Mangroves ring the shores of many of Indonesia's more than 17,000 islands. But in the most populated areas, the world's largest mangrove forests have been steadily whittled away, and with them, the ability to store blue carbon.
Authors
Benjamin Brown
Postdoctoral research associate, Charles Darwin University
Satyawan Pudyatmoko
Professor of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada
As the world's fourth-most populous nation has grown, pressure on the mangroves has too. More than 756,000 hectares of mangroves have been cleared and turned into brackish ponds to farm water shrimp and milkfish.
Every year for the past three decades, another 19,000 hectares has been ripped out for aquaculture and increasingly, for oil palm plantations. As of 2015, an estimated 40% of the country's mangroves had been degraded or lost.
Is this another predictable bad news story about the environment? No. This is a good news story. That's because Indonesia's government is, rising to the challenge of conserving its mangroves - and restoring lost forests.
Government investment in mangroves is rising and the political will is in place. Indonesia's ambitious goal is to restore almost all of what's been lost, rehabilitating 600,000 hectares of mangroves by 2024.
Why have Indonesia's mangroves been hard hit?
In a 2012 interview, former Indonesian forestry official Eko Warsito explained why his country's mangroves were disappearing:
More than 50% of Indonesia's population lives in coastal areas, and most of them are poor. An ordinary plot of mangroves is worth $84 a hectare. But if it's cleared and planted with oil palms, it can be worth more than $20,000 a hectare.
Unfortunately, this difference in perceived value has seen mangroves degraded or replaced. You can glimpse the current state of Indonesia's 3.3 million hectares of mangrove area in the map below, which was released last year by Indonesia's environment and forestry ministry.
Mangroves are broadly in good condition in the provinces of Papua and West Papua. But in the more populated areas - especially around the densely populated island of Java - mangroves have been largely deforested and degraded.
Recent analysis by the World Bank puts the value of mangrove ecosystems at between A$21,000 to $70,000 per hectare per year. Similarly, a 2020 cost-benefit analysis of mangrove conservation versus conversion to shrimp aquaculture in Indonesia's Papua province estimated the direct and indirect value of mangroves at A$34,000 per hectare per year.
But these valuations are heavily influenced by the role mangroves play in providing ecosystem services. Without these services, mangroves are worth two orders of magnitude less, at around A$340 per hectare.
Their real value lies in their ability to store large amounts of carbon, averaging almost 4000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per hectare. Until now, however, policy bottlenecks at the national level have stopped Indonesia from investing in better mangrove management and producing new revenue streams from stemming mangrove losses.
Indonesia's mangroves have suffered because of this disconnect between their real value and government policies and institutions. Over 20 institutions have some level of responsibility for mangrove management in Indonesia. It's no wonder their agendas often conflict.
But progress is being made. Two years ago, President Joko Widodo added mangroves to the mandate of the country's peatland restoration agency, after its success at restoring damaged peatlands. The goal for mangroves is to restore 600,000 hectares of mangroves by 2024.
There are alternatives to aquaculture
You might think it's too hard to restore mangroves once they've been turned into shrimp farms. Previously, this has been true, with an over-reliance on simply planting more seedlings rather than tackling the harder work of social and economic reliance on former mangrove habitat. In response, Indonesia's government has mapped around 77,000 hectares of the best restoration candidate areas across 300 villages in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), working in full collaboration with coastal villagers.
To create alternatives to aquaculture, Indonesia's national farmer field school program will expand to include hundreds of coastal villages. These coastal field schools help local villages improve their management of the coasts and develop alternative sources of income.
These include learning to use Nypah palms alongside mangroves, to allow villagers to harvest the valuable sugar from the sap. This species is the only palm considered a true mangrove. They can produce 800,000 litres of sap per hectare per year, forming a sustainable commodity base for organic palm sugar production as well as bio-ethanol.
Other options include encouraging production of honey, gluten-free flour, tea, juice, jam, and cosmetics. For some villages, eco-tourism could be an option, or shifting to more sustainable aquaculture.
What's next?
Indonesia's government is drafting a new mangrove policy, focused on balancing mangrove protection, sustainable use and restoration. We're already seeing welcome realignment between the nation's ministries.
These efforts are being funded by a $A573 million loan from the World Bank and a $A27 million grant for the policy reforms and investment in coastal livelihoods. This loan will be repaid with credits from blue carbon. Indonesia's government is seeking more financial support from other governments and multilateral organisations to scale up their mangrove management to a national scale.
Indonesia's work to turn around the fate of their ailing mangroves will be shown on the world stage at the G20 summit in Bali in November. By then, there will be a public dashboard to represent progress captured by field-based and satellite monitoring.
World Bank natural resources expert André Rodrigues de Aquino contributed to the research underlying this article
Benjamin Brown consults for the World Bank. This article does not necessarily benefit the World Bank, as the loan arrangement is already finalized.
Satyawan Pudyatmoko does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
