Whenever a high-profile company lists on the Australian stock market it attracts much excitement. Employees and founders enjoy some financial gains and investors get a chance to invest in a potentially exciting stock.
Author
- Mark Humphery-Jenner
Associate Professor of Finance, UNSW Sydney
For these reasons, fast-food chain Guzman Y Gomez was one of the biggest financial events of 2024. It undertook an initial public offering which meant for the first time, its shares were available to the public and started being traded on the stock exchange.
However, such public offerings have become rare with many companies remaining private instead of listing on the market.
Indeed, the number of businesses in Australia listed on the stock exchange is declining. This has been described as the worst public offering drought "since the global financial crisis".
The number of initial public offerings since 2000
In response, on Monday, the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) announced measures to encourage more listings by streamlining the initial public offering process.
How do companies list on the stock exchange?
Firms undertake an initial public offering by filing documents with ASIC. These includes a "prospectus", which details the information investors might need to evaluate whether to buy shares.
ASIC reviews the documentation and then decides if changes are necessary or whether to let the business list.
Typically, this requires the business to use an investment bank to manage the process and a law firm to prepare the documentation. The business will also engage an underwriter to evaluate the offering and ensure it raises enough capital. All these services cost money.
When they are trading, the business must comply with additional regulations imposed by ASIC and the Australian Securities Exchange. These include meeting corporate governance, continuous disclosure and other operating requirements.
Why should a business lists its shares?
There are many potential gains for a business and the public to list on the stock exchange.
Companies can encourage employees by paying them with shares in the business. This gives workers buy-in to the company they help to build. This is much easier when it is listed because employees can identify the value of that incentive and sell shares when they choose.
Being listed can also help raise capital. Having shares listed helps the business raise money to expand. In a direct sense, initial public offerings do this by enabling the firm to sell shares directly to the public rather than being restricted to the subset of investors who can invest in unlisted stocks.
In an indirect sense, being publicly listed forces businesses to comply with even more stringent disclosure rules. This can give lenders and investors more confidence in the firm.
Further, because the shares are now readily traded in the market, they can now be more easily used to acquire, or merge with, another company.
What does ASIC intend to do?
The commission believes one of the biggest barriers to listing on the market is the initial documentation and administrative requirements. They believe if they can slash red tape there will be more listings.
The goal is to help them get their documents in order from the beginning, to reduce the potential number of changes that may be needed. ASIC believes it will make the process cheaper and quicker, and enable firms to better time the initial public offerings for periods of strong demand.
The fast track process would only be open to businesses with a market capitalisation of at least A$100 million and firms that had no ASX escrow requirement.
An escrow is a financial and legal agreement designed to protect buyers and sellers in a transaction. An independent third party holds payment for a fee, until everyone fulfils their transaction responsibilities.
What else could ASIC do?
ASIC's plan to reduce red tape will help but there are other barriers to businesses listing on the sharemarket. These include:
- share structures and control: founders are often psychologically invested in their companies and prefer to retain control over the business they built after listing.
This is part of the reason "dual-class" share structures exist in the United States. These give some shareholders supernormal voting rights, enabling them to retain control. Singapore and Hong Kong also offer dual class structures.
Australia doesn't have a dual-class system, but enabling such structures could make the market more attractive
disclosure and expense: the initial public offering process is expensive. ASIC's plan does partly address this, but only for larger businesses, which ironically have greater financial resources to pay the service providers.
governance requirements: the ASX imposes corporate governance requirements on businesses that publicly list on the market. These requirements take a one-size-fits-all to factors such as who should be on the board of directors. These requirements appear to cost extra with an unclear financial gain. And the ASX's rules appear not to be evidence-backed .
escrows: ASIC's fast track process is only available if the firm does not have to satisfy an escrow requirement. An escrow requirement typically applies when an early investor, or a founder, is involved. This is to stop such people from opportunistically selling shares at an inflated process, which then nosedives. It is not clear why ASIC excluded such businesses from fast track review. Smaller companies are some of the most likely to be subject to escrow. So they are the most likely to benefit from reducing the cost-barriers to listing.
ASIC has tried to reduce red tape for larger businesses, but the changes don't go far enough and more work is necessary to address the underlying factors that cause firms to stay private for longer.
Mark Humphery-Jenner does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
