The process of improving the synchronization between visual perception and motor skills is called visuomotor learning. It entails adaptation of movements based on visual information. This kind of training can help with skill development and rehabilitation by enhancing motor skills. However, the explicit strategies involved in visuomotor learning might not be universal. Society and culture often control our cognitive behavior, and this leads to unconscious, cultural, and cognitive biases. This might have an impact on the explicit skills involved in visuomotor adaptations.
Against this backdrop, a research team led by Assistant Professor Chiharu Yamada, from the Center for Data Science, Waseda University, Japan, aimed to determine whether a person's cultural background influences not just their behavior but also their thoughts and reporting during specific learning activities. Their study was published online in the journal npj Science of Learning on July 02, 2025. This article has been co-authored by Professor Yoshihiro Itaguchi from Keio University, Japan, and Professor Claudia Rodríguez-Aranda at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway.
"We were intrigued by the mismatch between presumed universality of the motor learning literature and the consistent evidence from cultural psychology showing differences in decision-making and cognitive biases," says Asst. Prof. Yamada, the main motivation behind this study.
The researchers conducted an experiment with a total of 48 university students as participants. Among the participants, 24 students were from Norway, while the rest were from Japan. The experimental setting involved a simple aiming task on a computer, where the participants used a trackball mouse to aim at one of eight different targets displayed on the screen as quickly and accurately as possible. The researchers performed data comparison and movement analysis after completing several trials across five distinct sets.
Based on previous studies, the group hypothesized that Japanese participants would be more inclined than the Norwegian participants to alter their aim direction after missing a goal. The result showed that both groups displayed similar behavioral performance, including reaching accuracy, a key aspect of motor control that refers to the precision with which a limb reaches the target, and aftereffect amplitudes. However, in order to account for rotated visual feedback, Japanese participants aimed at areas further distant from the target. Furthermore, even after striking the target successfully, a higher percentage of Japanese individuals changed their aiming direction more frequently than Norwegian participants. These findings imply that cognitive biases are included in the explicit component, which is often estimated based on verbal reports.
The impact of cognitive bias on visuomotor adaptation has some prominent real-life applications. Verbal reports are frequently used by therapists in rehabilitation to assess patients' progress toward recovery. The results indicate that these assessments might be impacted by cultural prejudices in the use of explicit strategy, which could result in misunderstandings. In sports training centers, coaches usually give clear directions during training sessions. According to the findings of this research, athletes from various cultural backgrounds may interpret and use these instructions differently, potentially affecting their motor learning outcomes. Lastly, integrating cultural factors into educational technologies that employ adaptive motor learning systems could enhance the precision and fairness of skill evaluation.
"Our research highlights the risk of misinterpreting motor learning abilities when explicit strategies are measured without accounting for cultural bias, urging a re-evaluation of assessment tools in global research and clinical contexts," mentions Asst. Prof. Yamada, while discussing the implications of the study. The study also highlights how cultural background plays a role in the cognitive processes involved in motor adaptation. This might prompt further research and design of culturally sensitive visuomotor-task models that can be implemented in the areas of physical rehabilitation, sports, and education.
