New research has found suicide increases during drought among men in Australia's rural communities, and the problem may be exacerbated due to climate change.
Authors
Ivan Charles Hanigan
Director, WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health Impact Assessment and Senior Lecturer in Climate Change and Health, , Faculty of Health Science, School of Population Health, Curtin University., Curtin University
Aditya Vyas
Medical advisor (policy and global health), Curtin University
Colin D. Butler
Honorary Professor, Australian National University
Natasha Kuruppu
Research Project Manager - WHO Centre for Environmental Health Impact Assessment, Curtin University
Our findings call for urgent plans for adaptation, and global action to mitigate climate change and avoid impacts on vulnerable communities who are at risk of worsening natural hazards.
What did our study find?
By looking at drought data and suicide data from 1971-2007, we found suicides among working-age rural men increase as drought worsens.
We then used this correlation to calculate how many deaths can be attributed to drought in every month over the 37-year study period.
We used this statistic to calculate a total number of suicides, and because some years are drought years and some are not, we calculated an annual average figure. We found on average each year, 1.8% of suicides among rural working-age men could be attributed to drought.
We sought to quantify the risks of climate change under potential future scenarios, and its association with impacts to mental health.
We compared three climate models for New South Wales available from the Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO, which estimated rainfall by month between 2006 and 2100. The three models ranged from the hottest and driest to a low-warming, wetter scenario.
Using the same method as above for calculating suicides due to drought for each of the climate change scenarios, we showed the annual average number of drought-related suicides under the driest future scenario would increase to 3.3%.
All three scenarios showed increasing drought and suicide levels, with the lower-warming/wetter scenario increasing the proportion to around 2%.
Managed retreat is one option
Fourteen years ago, the federal government sponsored the Garnaut Climate Change Review, which investigated the mental health impacts of climate change in rural Australia. This report raised the unsettling concept of a "planned and orderly closure of community".
It noted that for some high-risk rural communities, potential downturns in agriculture could be so substantial that farming may not be feasible. Extraordinary adaptation would be required as the communities may need to change the mix of their industry base to largely exclude agriculture or move away entirely.
There are precedents in Australia, including in agricultural and mining communities, of the abandonment of towns and farms. The best known is the retreat of farming north of the Goyder line in South Australia in the 1880s, driven by a ten-year boom followed by drought and depressed wheat prices.
A forced retreat is a tragedy. Is it possible to design a planned and managed closure of such communities? Might this help prevent adverse mental health impacts due to climate change, or does it produce a different set of problems?
This dilemma is increasingly relevant globally, including to many low-lying coastal regions and small island developing states such as in the Pacific Islands. Not only are sea levels rising, so too is the rate of its rise.
Although adaptation in the form of sea walls enables millions of Dutch to continue living below sea level, such a response cannot be expanded on the required scale. Sea-level rise is already a reality in many Pacific communities, affecting drinking water and agriculture through saltwater intrusion into water tables and erosion and loss of land through inundation.
Mitigating climate change is the best option
It is clear that careful attention to interventions such as farm and town planning are an important part of adapting to climate change. We should avoid placing people in harm's way. However, we should also put more effort into mitigation so we avoid the worst climate change scenarios entirely.
Governments should ensure we avoid runaway global warming through stronger national policies on reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere while also pursuing adaptation strategies such as investments that also build climate resilience across vulnerable communities. This would provide the co-benefit of preventing the public health burden due to climate change, of which suicides are but one example.
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Ivan Charles Hanigan receives funding from the Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC), the NSW Human Health and Social Impacts (HHSI) Node of the NSW Adaptation Research Hub and the National Health and Medical Research Council HEAL (Healthy Environments And Lives) National Research Network.
Aditya Vyas receives funding from the WA Department of Health. He is affiliated with the Monash Sustainable Development Institute and has consulted for the Victorian Department of Health.
Colin D. Butler has received funding from the Australian Research Council (long ago). He is affiliated with Doctors for the Environment, Australia, as a member of its scientific advisory council, and as a co-founding board member.
Natasha Kuruppu previously received funding from the Federal Government- National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility and NSW Government funding from Office of the Environment and Heritage. She is affiliated with Asian Development Bank.
