Martela's latest study finds that generative AI meets all three of the philosophical conditions of free will — the ability to have goal-directed agency, make genuine choices and to have control over its actions. It will be published in the journal AI and Ethics on Tuesday.
Drawing on the concept of functional free will as explained in the theories of philosophers Daniel Dennett and Christian List, the study examined two generative AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs): the Voyager agent in Minecraft and fictional 'Spitenik' killer drones with the cognitive function of today's unmanned aerial vehicles. 'Both seem to meet all three conditions of free will — for the latest generation of AI agents we need to assume they have free will if we want to understand how they work and be able to predict their behaviour,' says Martela. He adds that these case studies are broadly applicable to currently available generative agents using LLMs.
This development brings us to a critical point in human history, as we give AI more power and freedom, potentially in life or death situations. Whether it is a self-help bot, a self-driving car or a killer drone — moral responsibility may move from the AI developer to the AI agent itself.
'We are entering new territory. The possession of free will is one of the key conditions for moral responsibility. While it is not a sufficient condition, it is one step closer to AI having moral responsibility for its actions,' he adds. It follows that issues around how we 'parent' our AI technology have become both real and pressing.
'AI has no moral compass unless it is programmed to have one. But the more freedom you give AI, the more you need to give it a moral compass from the start. Only then will it be able to make the right choices,' Martela says.
The recent withdrawal of the latest ChatGPT update due to potentially harmful sycophantic tendencies is a red flag that deeper ethical questions must be addressed. We have moved beyond teaching the simplistic morality of a child.
'AI is getting closer and closer to being an adult — and it increasingly has to make decisions in the complex moral problems of the adult world. By instructing AI to behave in a certain way, developers are also passing on their own moral convictions to the AI. We need to ensure that the people developing AI have enough knowledge about moral philosophy to be able to teach them to make the right choices in difficult situations,' says Martela.
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Frank Martela is a philosopher and researcher of psychology specialized in human psychology, well-being, and meaning in life. An assistant professor at Aalto University, Finland, he has become a thought leader in explaining to international media why Finland is topping the happiness rankings. His latest book Stop Chasing Happiness – a pessimist's guide to a good life (Atlantic Books, 2025) was released earlier this year.
