Scientists have reviewed reported cases and testing data of COVID-19 and have determined that changes in the testing rate may be masking the true growth rate and extent of the pandemic.
For epidemics and pandemics such as COVID-19, the response from public health organisations depends on the number of people infected and the rate of increase in infection. Due to the limited number of tests, predicting the actual extent of the pandemic based on available testing capacity is very important. However, as time passes, the testing capacity increases and testing standards improve, changing previous predictions about the growth and spread of the pandemic.
In the current work, a team of three scientists, including Ryosuke Omori from Hokkaido University, reviewed data collected from Italy, Japan, and California, USA, to determine the effect of changes in the testing rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their analysis, published in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases in April, shows that the testing rates need to be standardized across the entire period of the pandemic in order to reflect its actual growth rate.
Graphs comparing the cumulative number of cases (left), PCR tests (center) and positivity rate (right) in Japan, over the study period (February 15 to March 11). The dashed line indicates the time when the testing rate was increased (between March 3 and March 4). (Ryosuke Omori, et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, April 19, 2020).
The data for the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases were obtained from governmental and international databases. The period covered was between February 15 and March 11 for Japan and Italy, and between March 1 and March 21 for California. This data was statistically analysed. In Italy, the increase in cases was exponential for the entire time period. In Japan, the increase was linear until March 5, and exponential thereafter. In California, there were no cases reported until March 9, but the increase was exponential once cases were reported.
The scientists investigated why a switch between linear and exponential growth in the cumulative number of cases was observed in Japan. They were able to correlate this switch with a rapid increase in the testing rate that occurred between March 3 and March 4. They suggest that the linear increase in the number of cases prior to March 5 does not reflect the true growth of the pandemic but is an effect of saturated testing capacity and preferential testing for highly suspicious samples. The four-fold increase in testing rate revealed the true extent and spread of the pandemic in Japan.
"The bias created by changes in testing rates has public health implications," says Omori. "Our work indicates that including data on the testing strategy and ascertainment bias will help to model the growth and spread of the pandemic more accurately."
Associate Professor Omori, from the Research Center for Zoonoses Control at Hokkaido University, specializes in epidemiological modelling: the use of mathematics and statistics to understand and predict the spread of diseases. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, he has turned his efforts to ascertaining the true extent of the spread of the pandemic in Japan and abroad.
Original Article:
Ryosuke Omori, Kenji Mizumoto, Gerardo Chowell. Changes in Testing Rates Could Mask the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Growth Rate. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. April 19, 2020.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.021
Funding:
This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (19K20393, 18K17368), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science & Technology (MEXT)'s Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers; and the NSF-NIH-USDA Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases Program (1414374).
