Men and women are different. There is sex bias in disease prevalence, susceptibility, and severity. Response to drugs is also different.
Historically, most drugs have been optimised for use in males. This is because male animals have been the preferred sex for drug testing.
There is an urgent need to understand the sex-specific biology and mechanisms involved in disease and drug response, towards sex-based treatments.
One of the keys to this understanding lies in establishing whether genes, hormones or both are responsible.
Professor Vincent Harley from the Sex Development Research group at Hudson Institute is part of a team of researchers recently awarded a 5-year, $US3 million National Institutes of Health (USA) grant for the development of a pre-clinical model to identify the mechanisms underlying sex differences in disease.
Working with US collaborators Art Arnold (UCLA), Aron Guerts and Mandy Dwinell (U. Wisconsin), Prof Harley will help to create the so-called 'Rat Four Core Genotype model' which will be able to isolate contributions made by the sex hormones versus the sex chromosomes.
The model will provide new information regarding the origins of sex differences by looking at variations from the typical XY (male) and XX (female) chromosomes.
"Successful development of the model relies on a deep understanding of the gene from the Y chromosome known as SRY," says Prof Harley, who has been studying SRY in the brain and in the gonads since the discovery of SRY at the Crick Institute in London as a postdoc. "Genetic manipulation of the SRY gene to produce XX males and XY females is key," he says.
Advocacy from sex differences researchers globally, including Prof Harley, has led to policy changes so that the NIH now mandates pre-clinical researchers to consider sex as a biological variable in grant proposals.
