The first direct mass measurement from the early universe weighs in on the debate over the origins of supermassive black holes.
Which comes first, the galaxy or the black hole? For decades, the standard response has been that we don't really know, but it could be the galaxy: Large stars within an existing galaxy consume their fuel and then collapse to form black holes, which can gobble up surrounding material and merge with one another over time to form more massive entities.
The problem is that it's hard to figure out how black holes millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun, thousands of which have now been detected in the early universe, could have grown so quickly from such small seeds.
Now, an international team of researchers led by the University of Cambridge and using the James Webb Space Telescope have detected clear observational evidence that some supermassive black holes were enormous from the beginning, forming without going through a stellar collapse phase, and without a significantly more massive host galaxy to feed them.
"This is a remarkable finding," said Professor Roberto Maiolino from Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Cosmology, co-author of two studies published in Nature and the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. "It's a total revisiting of the classical scenarios of how black holes form and grow."
Little Red Dot QSO1
The researchers reached this conclusion based on detailed observations of Abell2744-QSO1 (QSO1), a prototypical Little Red Dot that existed just 700 million years after the Big Bang.
Although QSO1 is more than 13 billion light-years away and only 1,300 light-years across, it is easier to study than most other Little Red Dots because it is gravitationally lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 2744 (Pandora's Cluster). QSO1 is both magnified and triply imaged, appearing in three different locations in the sky.
Initial studies of QSO1 revealed evidence that it may be little more than a cloud of glowing hydrogen and helium gas circling a supermassive black hole, which was estimated to be on the order of 40 million times the mass of the Sun. But as with other early black holes discovered by Webb, there was uncertainty about whether it really was that massive.
"Before now, all of the mass measurements of black holes in the early universe have been indirect, based on assumptions from what we know about them in the local universe," said co-author Dr Francesco D'Eugenio, also from Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Cosmology. "We didn't know if those assumptions really apply to the distant universe," said
Mapping gas composition and velocity
The team recognised that if QSO1's black hole is as massive as it looks, they should be able to use the integral field unit (IFU) on Webb's NIRSpec (Near Infrared Spectrograph) to trace the effects of the black hole's gravity on the gas swirling around it, while also mapping the distribution of various elements in the gas.
Cambridge PhD student Ignas Juodžbalis and Cosimo Marconcini of the University of Florence, lead authors on one of the studies, used the IFU observations to map motions of hydrogen gas surrounding the black hole. When they plotted the radial velocity as a function of distance from the centre, they found that the gas has Keplerian rotation: It orbits a central point in the same way that planets in our solar system orbit the Sun.
"This is important because it tells us that most of the mass of QSO1 is concentrated in the black hole at the centre," said Juodžbalis. "If the mass were more distributed, as it would be if there were a lot of stars, the gas would not have this perfect Keplerian rotation."
Since Keplerian motion is governed by simple laws of gravity, the researchers were able to use the gas velocity measurements to calculate the black hole mass directly, a feat that had not previously been possible.
They found that not only is the black hole immense - roughly 50 million solar masses - it makes up two-thirds of QSO1's total mass. This proportion is thousands of times greater than in nearby galaxies, where supermassive black holes make up only a tiny fraction of the host galaxy's total mass.
The IFU composition maps supported these results, showing that the gas throughout QSO1 is almost entirely hydrogen and helium, with very little of the heavier elements like oxygen that would be expected in a galaxy rich with stars and stellar debris. With a metallicity less than 0.5% of the Sun, QSO1 is one of the most pristine galactic environments ever measured.
"This is a phenomenal result," said Maiolino. "It is the first direct measurement of a black hole mass within the first billion years after the Big Bang, and it is consistent with the previous measurements." The team thinks this is a good sign that the assumptions used for indirect mass measurements are valid, and that the masses of other black holes in the early universe have not been overestimated.
Supermassive black hole origins
The outsized mass of QSO1 relative to its host galaxy suggests that it can't have formed gradually from much smaller, stellar-mass black holes merging and feeding. "It seems that we have found a black hole that does not have a substantial host galaxy and that has predated stellar processes," said Juodžbalis. "This is very exciting because it is evidence for primordial black holes or direct collapse black holes, which have been theorised but have not been confirmed."
Whether QSO1's black hole evolved from a "heavy seed" that formed within the first second of the Big Bang or somewhat later from the collapse of a giant cloud of gas, it was almost certainly born big, and may be in the early stages of building a galaxy around it.
The team thinks that Little Red Dots like QSO1 cannot have been rare in the early universe, and is in the process of analysing similar objects to find out whether supermassive black holes actually do predate the galaxies where they currently reside.
The James Webb Space Telescope is an international collaboration between NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).
Reference:
Ignas Juodžbalis, Cosimo Marconcini et al. 'A direct black-hole mass measurement in a little red dot at high redshift.' Nature (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10579-4
Adapted from a NASA press release.
