A new study from the University of Helsinki reveals that receiving an ADHD diagnosis earlier rather than later is associated with better academic performance and lower school dropout rates.
Young people diagnosed earlier with ADHD had a higher grade point average at age 16, were more likely to pursue academic degrees, and had a lower likelihood of school dropout by age 20 than those who were diagnosed towards the end of compulsory education.
, 580,132 individuals born in Finland between 1990 and 1999 were followed until age 20, using high-quality national registry data. Age at first ADHD diagnosis was identified with the first record of clinical diagnosis or ADHD medication purchase between ages 4 and 20.
The study found that boys typically received an ADHD diagnosis earlier than girls. Boys were diagnosed more often in primary school, whereas the diagnoses increased among girls after age 13.
"Reasons for the sex differences in the age at diagnosis have been explained by differing ADHD traits observed in boys and girls. Easily detectable hyperactive and impulsive behaviours are more typical among boys, while girls' ADHD traits may be less visible," explains doctoral researcher from the University of Helsinki.
Early ADHD diagnosis is often recommended, as previous studies have suggested that treatment can improve short-term educational outcomes. However, the current study is the first to show differences in later educational attainment by age at ADHD diagnosis at the population level.
"Our findings support the recommendations for a timely diagnosis of ADHD. However, further research is needed to confirm a causal relationship between age at diagnosis and educational outcomes," states Volotinen.
Poorest educational outcomes for those diagnosed in adolescence
The study also found that girls and boys diagnosed between ages 13 and 16 had the poorest educational outcomes, with close to one-third not studying or having completed any upper secondary education by age 20. This may increase the risk of long-term unemployment and social exclusion.
"It is crucial that young people who are diagnosed with ADHD in adolescence are also provided with the necessary support to continue their studies after compulsory education," emphasizes Volotinen.
The study was published in the prestigious journal JAMA Psychiatry.
