In the village of Nagigi, Fiji, the ocean isn't just a resource - it's part of the community's identity. But in recent years, villagers have seen the sea behave differently. Tides are pushing inland. Once abundant, fish are now harder to find. Sandy beaches and coconut trees have been washed away.
Authors
- Celia McMichael
Professor in Geography, The University of Melbourne
- Merewalesi Yee
PhD Student in Climate Adaptation, The University of Queensland
Like many coastal communities , including those across the Pacific Islands region, this village is now under real pressure from climate change and declining fish stocks . Methods of fishing are no longer guaranteed, while extreme weather and coastal erosion threaten homes and land. As one villager told us:
we can't find fish easily, not compared to previous times […] some fish species we used to see before are no longer around.
When stories like this get publicity, they're often framed as a story of loss. Pacific Islanders can be portrayed as passive victims of climate change.
But Nagigi's experience isn't just about vulnerability. As our new research shows , it's about the actions people are taking to cope with the changes already here. In response to falling fish numbers and to diversify livelihoods, women leaders launched a new aquaculture project, and they have replanted mangroves to slow the advance of the sea.
Adaptation is uneven. Many people don't want to or can't leave their homes. But as climate change intensifies, change will be unavoidable. Nagigi's experience points to the importance of communities working collectively to respond to threats.
Unwelcome change is here
The communities we focus on, Nagigi village (population 630) and Bia-I-Cake settlement (population 60), are located on Savusavu Bay in Vanua Levu, Fiji's second largest island. Fishing and marine resources are central to their livelihoods and food security.
In 2021 and 2023, we ran group discussions (known as talanoa) and interviews to find out about changes seen and adaptations made.
Nagigi residents have noticed unwelcome changes in recent years. As one woman told us:
sometimes the sea is coming further onto the land, so there's a lot of sea intrusion into the plantations, flooding even on land where it never used to be
In 2016, the devastating Tropical Cyclone Winston destroyed homes and forced some Nagigi residents to move inland to customary mataqali land owned by their clan.
As one resident said:
our relocation was smooth because […] we just moved to our own land, our mataqali land.
But some residents didn't have access to this land, while others weren't willing to move away from the coast. One man told us:
leave us here. I think if I don't smell or hear the ocean for one day I would be devastated.
Adaptation is happening
One striking aspect of adaptation in Nagigi has been the leadership of women, particularly in the small Bia-I-Cake settlement.
In recent years, the Bia-I-Cake Women's Cooperative has launched a small-scale aquaculture project to farm tilapia and carp to tackle falling fish stocks in the ocean, tackle rising food insecurity and create new livelihoods.
Women in the cooperative have built fish ponds, learned how to rear fish to a good size and began selling the fish, including by live streaming the sale. The project was supported by a small grant from the United Nations Development Programme and the Women's Fund Fiji .
Recently, the cooperative's women have moved into mangrove replanting to slow coastal erosion and built a greenhouse to farm new crops.
As one woman told us, these efforts show women "have the capacity to build a sustainable, secure and thriving community".
The community's responses draw on traditional social structures and values, such as respect for Vanua - the Fijian and Pacific concept of how land, sea, people, customs and spiritual beliefs are interconnected - as well as stewardship of natural resources and collective decision-making through clans and elders, both women and men.
Nagigi residents have moved to temporarily close some customary fishing grounds to give fish populations a chance to recover. The village is also considering declaring a locally-managed marine area (known as a tabu). This is a response to climate impacts as well as damage to reefs, pollution and overfishing.
For generations, village residents have protected local ecosystems which in turn support the village. But what is new is how these practices are being strengthened and formalised to respond to new challenges.
Adaptation is uneven
While adaptation is producing some successes, it is unevenly spread. Not everyone has access to customary land for relocation and not every household can afford to rebuild damaged homes.
What Nagigi teaches us, though, is the importance of local adaptation. Villagers have demonstrated how a community can anticipate risks, respond to change and threats, recover from damage and take advantage of new opportunities.
Small communities are not just passive sites of loss. They are collectives of strength, agency and ingenuity. As adaptation efforts scale up across the Pacific, it is important to recognise and support local initiatives such as those in Nagigi.
Sharing effective adaptation methods can give ideas and hope to other communities under real pressure from climate change and other threats.
Many communities are doing their best to adapt often undertaking community-led adaptation, even despite the limited access Pacific nations have to global climate finance.
Nagigi's example shows unwelcome climatic and environmental changes are already arriving. But it's also about finding ways to live well amid uncertainty and escalating risk by using place, tradition and community.
The authors acknowledge the support of the people of Nagigi and Bia-I-Cake, and especially the Bia-I-Cake Women's Cooperative, for sharing their time and insights.
Celia McMichael receives funding from the Australian Research Council (ARC).
Merewalesi Yee does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
