Exercise has many benefits - strengthening muscles and bones, preventing disease and extending lifespan. It is also known to change the composition and activity of the trillions of microbes in our guts known as the microbiome.
It is well known that the microbiomes of athletes are different from those who are sedentary. This is not overly surprising according to the author and PhD student Shrushti Shah. "Athletes are often lean and follow strict diet and training schedules - these factors alone can explain the different microbiomes of athletes," says Shah, a Kinesiology PhD student specializing in Nutrition, Metabolism and Genetics.
To investigate how exercise shapes the gut microbiota in non-athletes, the study assessed information on the type, time and intensity of exercise in relation to microbiomes in a large cohort of middle-aged adults. Information on body weight, diet and hand-grip strength were also collected.
"Encouragingly, the study found that physical activity of moderate duration (≥150 minutes per week) increased both the richness and diversity of the gut microbiomes compared to study participants that exercised less," says Jane Shearer, PhD, a professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology and the Cumming School Medicine. "Given this, more exercise appears to be important in improving microbiome health and individuals should aim to meet the Health Canada recommended 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week."
When exercise intensity was examined, results showed that how long a person exercised was more important than how hard they exercised during each workout in improving microbes in the gut. Reasons for this are not known and are a topic of future work in the laboratory.
The study also showed that changes in the microbiome were not the same between different groups of individuals. The most beneficial changes were seen in those individuals of normal weight compared to those who were overweight. According to study investigator Dr. Chunlong Mu, PhD, a postdoctoral associate in Kinesiology, this is because "being overweight exerts its own influences on the gut microbiome independently of exercise. In this case, poor dietary habits outweigh some of the beneficial influences of exercise on the gut microbes."
With this in mind, the best advice appears not only to exercise more, but also take steps to maintain a healthy weight to achieve a healthy and optimally functioning gut microbiome.
Jane Shearer, PhD, is a professor at the Faculty of Kinesiology and in the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology at the Cumming School of Medicine (CSM). She is a member of the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Owerko Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute at the CSM.
Reference: Shah, S. Mu, C., Moossavi, S., Shen-Tu, G., Schlicht, K., Rohmann, N., Laudes, M., Franke, A., Züllig, T., Köfeler, H., Shearer, J. Physical activity induced alterations of the gut microbiota in adults is BMI dependent. The FASEB Journal. 2023;37:e22882. 21 March 2023. https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fj.202201571R
