Insect Brain Map Unveiled: Synapse-by-Synapse

Researchers have presented the connectome – or synaptic wiring diagram – of an entire Drosophila larva brain. This first-ever insect whole-brain connectome is larger and more complex than previously reported connectomes and represents a valuable resource for future experimental and theoretical studies of neural circuits and brain function. The brain comprises complex networks of interconnected neurons that communicate through synapses. Understanding the brain's network architecture is critical to understanding brain function. However, due to technological constraints, imaging entire brains with electron microscopy (EM) and reconstructing the full neural architecture of the brain has been challenging and only has been achieved in three organisms that have relatively simple brains containing only several hundred neurons. Here, Michael Winding and colleagues present a synaptic-resolution, three-dimensional EM-based connectome of the larval Drosophila brain, which contains 3016 neurons and 548,000 synapses, and a far more complex organization than what is mapped by previous connectomes. Detailed analysis of the connectome allowed Wingding et al. to characterize diverse neuron and connection types and structural features, revealing extensive multisensory integration and cross-hemisphere interaction. The most recurrent neural architecture was associated with the input and output neurons of the brain's learning center. According to the authors, some of the identified structural features, including multilayer shortcuts and nested recurrent loops, resembled prominent characteristics of state-of-the-art machine learning networks.