The term "neurodiversity" is still relatively new . Even now, there's no firm agreement among experts about what it should include. Does it refer only to neurodevelopmental differences such as autism, ADHD and dyslexia? Or should it stretch further, to include mental health conditions too?
Authors
- Aimee Grant
Associate Professor in Public Health and Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellow, Swansea University
- Amy Pearson
Assistant Professor in Psychology, Durham University
- Jennifer Leigh
Honorary Professor of Chemistry, University of Liverpool
Until recently, no one had asked neurodivergent people themselves what they thought about the language used to describe them. So, we decided to do just that. Our new research found a mixture of positive and negative views about words like "neurodiversity" and "neurodivergent".
Neurodiversity refers to the different ways in which people think and behave. Just as everyone has an ethnicity, everyone has a neurotype. Around 15% of people are thought to be neurodivergent, meaning their brains function differently from what society considers "typical". The remaining 85% are neurotypical.
In our survey of more than 900 neurodivergent adults across the UK, almost everyone had heard of the word "neurodiversity". Also, 74% said they used related language, such as "neurodivergent", to describe themselves.
One finding stood out in particular: how often the language of neurodiversity is used incorrectly. The word "neurodiverse" refers to a group that includes both neurotypical and neurodivergent people. In other words, it's a mix of different brain types. But it's often used to describe individuals or groups of neurodivergent people, when the correct term would be "neurodivergent".
For many participants, this mistake was more than a harmless slip of the tongue. Some described it as deeply irritating, while others saw it as a warning sign. When an expert or organisation got it wrong, especially one claiming to be inclusive, it could be seen as a "red flag". Some participants thought this was a sign that they used fashionable inclusive language while failing to change exclusionary practices.
Participants also felt differently about how useful the term "neurodivergent" actually is. Some described it as a "safe umbrella" - a simple, inclusive way to talk about their identity without listing multiple diagnoses. One person explained that it saved them from reeling off a "laundry list" of conditions.
Others said it felt safer than naming specific conditions such as autism or ADHD, which can still carry stigma . Saying "I'm neurodivergent" offered a way to share something about themselves while reducing the risk of a negative reaction. It also helped people who were waiting for a diagnosis or who self-identified as neurodivergent but didn't yet have formal recognition.
But not everyone found the word helpful. Some said it was too broad to mean anything and didn't communicate their day-to-day challenges or support needs. Others pointed out that many people still don't understand what "neurodivergent" means, making it ineffective as a way to explain who they are.
There were also concerns that broadening the language could unintentionally increase stigma towards specific conditions, such as ADHD, by lumping everyone together under one label.
Language shapes how we see the world but also how the world sees us. Our research shows that while umbrella terms like neurodivergent can create community and belonging, they shouldn't replace more specific identities such as autism or ADHD. Both have an important place.
Instead of replacing those words, we should focus on reducing prejudice and discrimination against neurodivergent people, and also on using language that reflects respect and understanding.
Getting it right
As language choices are deeply personal, when you are talking to a neurodivergent person, it may be appropriate to mirror their language choice.
That said, a general rule is if you're going to use language around neurodiversity, it's important to use it correctly. Many neurodivergent people find misuse frustrating, especially when it comes from people or organisations who claim to champion inclusion. To keep it simple:
"Neurodiverse" describes groups that include both neurodivergent and neurotypical people - you may find it helpful to think that "neurodiverse" includes everybody in the universe. "Neurodivergent" refers to individuals or groups of people whose brains work differently, for example, autistic people or those with ADHD or dyslexia.
As one participant put it, getting it wrong might just make a neurodivergent person want to hit you with a dictionary.
Aimee Grant receives funding from The Wellcome Trust and UKRI.
Jennifer Leigh is a co-director of LLB Inclusive Employment Ltd. She has received funding from UKRI and The Royal Society of Chemistry Diversity & Inclusion Fund.
Amy Pearson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
