First, it was floods that inundated fields and washed away crops. Then, it was drought which led the levels of lakes to plummet and the crops to shrivel.
Ácora , located in the southeast corner of Peru almost 3,800 kilometres above sea level, is one of the Peruvian regions which has been most impacted by climate change - endangering crop production and biodiversity in addition to worsening food insecurity.
"It was not like this before, the climate has changed a lot," said Pascuala Pari, head of the Sumaq Chuyma Association in Ácora.
Around the world, women farmers like Ms. Pari, who already face a series of intersectional challenges, are working tirelessly to secure their livelihoods despite an increasingly untenable climate situation.
"Women in particular shoulder the burden of food insecurity as traditional caregivers which is intensified during climate crises," said Bochola Sara Arero, a youth representative from the World Food Forum, at a side event during the ongoing UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development on Monday.
Intersecting goals
The forum in New York has been convened to discuss the Sustainable Development Goals , adopted in 2015 to promote global development for current and future generations.
With only 18 per cent of these internationally agreed upon goals on track to being met by 2030, the Secretary-General António Guterres has called for urgent action and sustained multilateralism to address this gap.
Mr. Guterres has also said that this forum is a unique opportunity to discuss the intersection between various goals, including the intersection between gender equality and climate change.
A bipolar climate
Last year in Ácora, dealing with a climate that oscillated between drought and torrential rains was next to impossible for the women who relied on the land.
Crops would not grow and agrobiodiversity was under threat. In a country where 17.6 million people already experience food insecurity, this dual threat had the potential to wreak havoc on livelihoods.
In response, Ms Pari and other women in Ácora formed seed banks. Not only do organizations like seed banks preserve indigenous agrobiodiversity, they also help sustain the livelihoods of women in the region.
"Our crops were in danger of extinction, but now people are harvesting again and we are changing that," said Fanny Ninaraqui, leader of the Ayrumas Carumas Association.
Seeds that are not planted can be traded or bartered with other seed bank owners. Over 125 varieties of native crops have now been preserved across the region.
"I am happy with my little seed bank … Now I have all kinds of quinoa: black, red, white. This supports me economically because I preserve and sell my products at local markets," Ms. Pari said.
Once shut, doors open for women farmers
In addition to climate challenges, women farmers also face a lack of legal rights. Specifically, they often do not have titles to their land.
According to the Secretary-General's Sustainable Development Report , released Monday, 58 per cent of the countries with available data lacked sufficient protection for women's land rights.
"Women's land rights are fundamental for women's voice and agency, livelihoods and well-being and resilience as well as for broader development outcomes," said Seemin Qayum, policy advisor at UN Women .
The in-depth report also noted that less than half of women had secure rights to land, with men being twice as likely to have land deeds and other protected property rights. [1]
Experts say that insufficient legal protections not only negatively impact economic outcomes for women, they also sideline women's needs and voices in policymaking. Therefore, it is essential to institute legal protections which formally recognize women as farmers.
"When you are recognized as a farmer, a world of possibilities, a world of resources - opportunities for representation and rights - become available to you. Doors open," said Carol Boudreaux, Senior Director of Land Programs at Landesa.
Beyond legal protections
While legal land rights are essential, they are not in and of themselves enough to empower rural women.
"Initiatives that aim to change discriminatory social norms and institutions are also needed," said Clara Park, senior gender officer at the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ).
Women in Ácora recognize that it is not just climate change which is negatively impacting their livelihoods - they are also grappling with unequal social norms.
"When you are young and a woman, someone always tries to limit your progress," Ms. Ninaraqui said.
In Ácora, international and civil society organizations, including the UN Development Programme ( UNDP ), have worked to help women establish their seed banks and ensure that these women have the capacity to manage them long-term.
"I can lead, I can teach what I have learned, now I feel I have this capacity," Ms Pari said.
