Aspens and standing dead trees, which are important to forest biodiversity, can be reliably identified from openly available aerial imagery using methods developed by researchers from the University of Helsinki and the University of Eastern Finland.
Aspen (Populus tremula) is an important keystone species. Only a couple of per cent of the trees in Finnish forests are aspens, and actual aspen stands are even rarer. Aspens nevertheless host more than a thousand species: mammals, birds, insects, fungi and mosses. The rapidly decomposing litter of aspens boosts nutrient cycling in forests, and many species thrive only on aspens' gnarled and base-rich bark.
A study conducted by a research group led by Associate Professor Samuli Junttila at the University of Helsinki introduces a method for reliably distinguishing, for the first time, aspen trees, which support and embody biodiversity, from other trees using open aerial image data. Previously, extensive and accurate mapping of aspen distribution has been expensive and laborious.
"Our research offers an up-to-date, scalable, inexpensive and reliable method for monitoring forest biodiversity," Junttila says.
The research group led by Junttila develops new methods for obtaining accurate information on the forest environment and its ecology by combining remote sensing techniques with AI solutions. The methods created by Junttila's group have previously helped, for example, in monitoring the destruction caused by the European spruce bark beetle and tree mortality.
The lead author of the research article published in October 2025 is Doctoral Researcher Anwarul Chowdhury from the University of Eastern Finland. He is very pleased with the accuracy of the neural network model created in the study.
"This study demonstrates how our methods can produce reliable data for the practical needs of forest management and conservation in all forests in Finland," Chowdhury says.
The model designed by the researchers proved effective in all seasons, as it reliably identified aspens with and without leaves. The model was more likely to identify taller than smaller aspens - on average, fully grown, taller trees were identified with a 71% probability and even better when the trees had no leaves. This information is important, as tall, old aspens are particularly significant for biodiversity.
In the future, the research group would also like to improve the accuracy of identifying juvenile aspens.
"Going forward, open laser scanning data could be combined with aerial images to make the model better identify young aspens as well," Chowdhury muses.
Even dead trees affect biodiversity
In November, another study by researchers Anis Rahman, Einari Heinaro and Mete Ahishali from Junttila's research group was published, developing a more accurate technique for identifying standing dead trees from aerial images.
Dead trees are also important to biodiversity: many specialised and even threatened species depend on them. However, identifying dead trees from aerial images is challenging, especially under dense canopy structures. The group combined machine-learning algorithms and complex adaptive filters to produce better results when surveying dead trees compared with the forest remote sensing models intended for general use.
"Aspens and standing dead trees are important indicators of biodiversity. Their automated mapping from extensive open datasets is a big step forward in monitoring the biodiversity of forest environments," Junttila says.
Original articles
The article was published in October 2025 in the Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment journal.
The article was published in November 2025 in the International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
