Residents of Zimbabwe's capital, Harare, face a potable water crisis three years after a deadly cholera outbreak, Human Rights Watch said today. Zimbabwe's central government and the Harare City Council should urgently act to ensure clean water for millions of people affected.
The water situation in Harare is largely the same as in 2008, when Zimbabwe experienced the most devastating cholera outbreak in Africa in 15 years. The outbreak killed 4,200 people and infected at least 100,000. Human Rights Watch found that the city's perennial water crisis, which is linked to the cholera outbreak, is the result of the city's obsolete water infrastructure, a ballooning population, severe droughts, and pervasive government corruption and mismanagement. Poor governance and disputes between the central government and the Harare City Council have hindered efforts to address the problems.
"Harare's long unresolved water crisis is a ticking time bomb of magnified health risks that forces residents to seek alternative, often unsafe water sources," said Dewa Mavhinga, Southern Africa director at Human Rights Watch. "Zimbabwean authorities at the national and local levels should work together to promptly and permanently end Harare's dangerous water problems."
Human Rights Watch interviewed 85 people in October 2019 and July and August 2021 water in five densely populated, or high-density, areas (Budiriro, Glenview, Highfields, Mabvuku, and Mbare) who had no access to safe drinking water: in Harare, the peri-urban informal settlement of Epworth near Harare, and the surrounding towns of Chitungwiza, Norton, and Ruwa. Human Rights Watch also interviewed 11 central government and municipal officials, public health experts, legal experts, city council employees, and staff of nongovernmental organizations and United Nations agencies in Zimbabwe. Human Rights Watch also reviewed reports from the government, UN, nongovernmental groups, and the media on water issues in Harare.
The infrastructure for piped water in Harare was developed in the 1950s, before Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, and designed for a population of 300,000 people. Currently, Harare's greater metropolitan area has about 4.5 million people, more than half of whom have no access to clean water and are at risk of water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid.
The water crisis in Harare has affected people's rights to water and sanitation as well as other related rights, including the rights to life, food, and health. "Sometimes we get city council water in the taps," a woman from the high-density suburb of Mabvuku told Human Rights Watch. "It is not clean. We cannot drink it and, because it smells badly, we cannot use it to cook."
Common water sources, namely shallow wells, taps, and many boreholes - deep, narrow wells - are often contaminated, Human Rights Watch said. However, despite the known risk of contaminated water, there is no specific official information on which water sources are safe, leaving residents to take their chances.
"The water that comes out from the taps is neither clean nor safe to drink, so we have to depend on borehole water, which we feel is better," said a 46-year-old woman from Harare's Glenview suburb. "But we know that even borehole water is not safe for drinking."
More affluent families in Harare's low-density suburbs drill safe boreholes and purchase bottled water, options not available to the vast majority of the population. The humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders) in Zimbabwe has developed a method of protecting new boreholes from contamination with sanitary seals, but local governments have not adopted this solution, which costs several thousand US dollars per borehole.
Under section 77 of Zimbabwe's 2013 constitution, "every person has the right to safe, clean, and potable water." The government is obligated to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within the limits of available resources, to achieve the progressive realization of the right to water. Zimbabwe is also a party to African regional and international human rights treaties that recognize the right to water and sanitation.
The government at the national and local levels should urgently act to ensure alternative sources of safe drinking water, such as safe boreholes and protected wells, for the entire population, Human Rights Watch said.
"Zimbabwean authorities should not wait for the next cholera outbreak to provide access to safe drinking water for everyone," Mavhinga said. "The government should invest in low-cost water equipment and distribution systems to uphold the right of millions of Zimbabweans to potable water."
