Microplastics and nanoplastics are now found everywhere on Earth, from ocean depths to agricultural soils and even inside the human body. Yet scientists still struggle to understand what these particles actually do once they enter living organisms. A new study proposes an innovative fluorescence-based strategy that could allow researchers to track microplastics in real time as they move, transform, and degrade inside biological systems.
Global plastic production now exceeds 460 million tons annually, with millions of tons of microplastics and nanoplastics entering the environment each year. These particles have been detected in marine animals, birds, and human tissues including blood, liver, and even brain samples. While laboratory studies have linked exposure to inflammation, organ damage, and developmental effects, a major scientific gap remains.
"Most current methods give us only a snapshot in time," said corresponding author Wenhong Fan. "We can measure how many particles are present in a tissue, but we cannot directly observe how they travel, accumulate, transform, or break down inside living organisms."
Traditional detection approaches such as infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry require destructive sampling. As a result, researchers cannot follow the dynamic behavior of particles over time. Fluorescence imaging offers a promising alternative, but existing labeling methods often suffer from unstable signals, dye leakage, or fluorescence quenching in complex biological environments.
To overcome these challenges, the research team proposes a fluorescent monomer controlled synthesis strategy. Instead of attaching fluorescent dyes to the surface of microplastics, the method builds fluorescence directly into the polymer structure using aggregation induced emission materials. These specially designed monomers emit stronger light when aggregated, reducing signal loss and improving imaging stability.
The approach allows precise control over particle brightness, emission wavelength, size, and shape. Because fluorescent groups are uniformly distributed throughout each particle, both intact plastics and their degradation fragments can remain visible. This makes it possible to track the entire life cycle of microplastics from ingestion and transport to transformation and eventual breakdown.
Although the strategy is still undergoing experimental validation, its design is grounded in well established principles of polymer chemistry and biocompatible fluorescence imaging. The researchers believe it could provide a powerful new tool for understanding how microplastics interact with cells, tissues, and organs.
"Clarifying the transport and transformation processes of microplastics inside organisms is essential for assessing their true ecological and health risks," Fan said. "Dynamic tracking will help us move beyond simple exposure measurements toward a deeper understanding of toxicity mechanisms."
As concern over plastic pollution continues to grow, technologies that reveal what happens inside living systems may be critical for shaping future risk assessment and regulatory decisions.
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Journal reference: Zhang D, Ren B, Liu H, Li C, Wang X, et al. 2026. Challenges in assessing ecological and health risks of microplastics and nanoplastics: tracking their dynamics in living organisms. New Contaminants 2: e006 doi: 10.48130/newcontam-0026-0003
https://www.maxapress.com/article/doi/10.48130/newcontam-0026-0003
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About the Journal:
New Contaminants (e-ISSN 3069-7603) is an open-access journal focusing on research related to emerging pollutants and their remediation.
