A new study from the Institute of Environmental Medicine at Karolinska Institutet presents a promising method for identifying endocrine-disrupting chemicals - without the need for traditional animal testing. By combining RNA-sequencing of zebrafish embryos with a structured toxicological framework, researchers can now better predict harmful effects on human health.
Chemicals that interfere with the hormone system, known as endocrine disruptors, are linked to a range of health problems. Identifying these substances is a top priority in the EU, but current methods are time-consuming and rely heavily on animal testing. At the same time, the use of omics technologies - such as transcriptomics and genomics - is increasing in toxicology. Despite this, mechanistic omics data are still mainly used as supporting evidence, rather than being fully integrated into risk assessments.
In this study, the researchers sequenced the transcriptomes of zebrafish embryos exposed to two suspected endocrine disruptors. They then analyzed which genes were affected and predicted the biological processes involved. These processes were linked to specific biological events within an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) network - using both an automated, data-driven approach and a manual, expert-driven one, allowing the two methods to be compared.
"Substantial amounts of mechanistic data on toxic effects are generated in academic research, but no one really know how to use that data for risk assessment. There is an urgent need for new methods to start utilizing all this data." says first author Linus Wiklund , PhD student at the Institute of Environmental Medicine .
The results show how AOP networks can help structure and interpret RNA-sequencing data, making it possible to connect early molecular changes to potential health effects. Both compounds were found to impact pathways related to hormone production or metabolism, and possibly lead to endocrine-related adverse outcomes.
"We need to test the methodology with additional compounds, both known endocrine disruptors and compounds that have no endocrine disrupting properties. By comparing these, we could potentially identify a 'fingerprint' for endocrine disrupting properties based on gene expression, and we could use that fingerprint to assess new compounds." says Linus Wiklund.
The findings could support regulatory decisions on the tested chemicals, but the study also offers something more: a general approach that can help reduce the need for animal testing in toxicology.
Publication
Wiklund L, Wincent E, Beronius A
Environ Int 2025 Mar;197():109352
