Planting green involves planting main crops into living cover crops. An example shown here: Cereal rye is rolled and soybeans planted green in the same pass at Penn State's Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center.
Image: Heidi Reed/Penn State
Allowing cover crops to grow two weeks longer in the spring and planting corn and soybean crops into them before termination is a strategy that may help no-till farmers deal with wet springs, according to Penn State researchers.
The approach - known as planting green - could help no-till farmers counter a range of problems they must deal with during wet springs like the ones that have occurred this year and last year. These problems include soil erosion, nutrient losses, soils holding too much moisture and causing a delay in the planting of main crops, and main-crop damage from slugs.
"With climate change bringing the Northeast more extreme precipitation events and an increase in total precipitation, no-till farmers especially need a way of dealing with wet springs," said Heather Karsten, associate professor of crop production ecology, whose research group in the College of Agricultural Sciences conducted a three-year study of planting green. "We wanted to see if farmers could get more out of their cover crops by letting them grow longer in the spring."
Cereal rye cover crop that was killed with glyphosate herbicide three weeks prior (left) and that will be killed after soybean planting.
As cover crops continue to grow, they draw moisture from the soil, creating desired drier conditions in wet springs for planting corn and soybeans. With planting green, after those main crops are planted into the cover crops, the cover crops are typically terminated by farmers with an herbicide. The decomposing cover crop residues then preserve soil moisture for the corn and soybean crops through the growing season.
The study took place at five sites over three years - on three cooperating Pennsylvania farms that plant no-till in Centre, Clinton and Lancaster counties; at Penn State's Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center in Centre County; and at the University's Southeast Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Lancaster County.
At each location, researchers compared the results of planting green to the traditional practice of terminating cover crops 10 days to two weeks before planting the main crops of corn and soybeans.
Cover crops included in the study were primarily rye and triticale, as well as a mixture of triticale, Austrian winter pea, hairy vetch and radish in one location.
Lead researcher Heidi Reed, a doctoral degree student in agronomy when the research was conducted, who is now an educator with Penn State Extension, inspects a corn field that was part of the study. Corn on the left side of the photo was planted green; the right side was a "control" treatment, with the cover crop killed 14 days prior to corn planting.
Findings of the research, recently published online today in Agronomy Journal, were mixed, according to study leader Heidi Reed, a doctoral student in agronomy when the research was conducted who is now an educator with Penn State Extension, specializing in field and forage crops.
Reed noted that planting green appeared to benefit soybean crops more than corn.
Planting green increased cover crop biomass by 94 percent in corn and by 94 to 181 percent in soybean.
However, because planting green results in more cover crop residues acting as mulch on the surface, it also cooled soils from 1.3 to 4.3 degrees Fahrenheit at planting.
At several of the sites during the study years, main-crop plant populations were reduced when planted green, possibly due to the cooler temperatures slowing crop emergence and nutrient cycling, and/or from cover crop residue interference with the planter. In corn, in a few cases, crop damage by slugs was also increased when corn was planted green.
A slug perches next to a soybean seedling showing slug damage in a field at Penn State's Southeast Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Lancaster County.
No-till farmers struggle with slugs damaging corn and soybean seeds and seedlings because no-till doesn't disturb the soil and kill slugs or bury their eggs the way tillage does.
"No-till with cover crop residues also provides habitat for some crop pests and keeps the soil moist - so no-till cover crop systems tend to be great slug habitat," Karsten said.
"We had hoped that letting cover crops grow longer in the spring would supply alternative forage for the slugs, as well as habitat for slug predators such as beetles - and these factors would reduce slug damage of the main crop seedlings. But we did not see a consistent reduction in slug damage on main crops as we expected."
When researchers compared crop-yield stability between the two cover crop termination times across the multiple locations and years, corn yield was less stable and reduced by planting green in high-yielding environments; however, soybean yield was not influenced by planting green.
"We concluded that corn was more vulnerable to yield losses from conditions created by planting green than soybeans, " Reed said. "Since soybean yield was stable across study locations, and not affected by cover crop termination date, we suggest that growers who want to extend cover crop benefits and avoid the risk of crop-yield reduction from planting green should consider trying it first with soybean."
Also involved in the research were William Curran, professor emeritus of plant science; John Tooker, professor of entomology; and Sjoerd Duiker, professor of soil management and applied soil physics.
Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture supported this research.
