From exercise and over-the-counter medications to alcohol use and prescription drugs, North Americans report using a number of different strategies to manage and prevent day-to-day pain. Some of these strategies are useful to mitigate pain, and others, like alcohol, are actually counterproductive and can make pain worse.
A new study from Western University researchers explored how frequently people use a variety of pain management strategies, and how those correlate to their level of pain and other factors, including where they live.
Sociology professor Anna Zajacova (Cliff Davidson)
The research team, led by sociology professor Anna Zajacova, found that adults who reported high levels of pain were eight times more likely to use alcohol as a pain management strategy than those who had low levels or no pain. They also found Americans were twice as likely than Canadians to turn to alcohol to dull their pain, with just under four per cent of Canadian respondents saying they used alcohol as a pain management strategy, compared to almost eight per cent in the U.S. That number jumped to 21 per cent for those with the highest levels of pain in both countries.
The study appeared in a special issue on pain and pain management in the journal Innovation in Aging published online. The authors note that high alcohol use in the U.S. may be a reflection of more limited access to health care than in Canada.
"Our research shows that using alcohol to treat pain is somewhat common, unfortunately. Previous research has shown that is not only ineffective at treating pain, but it can actually be counterproductive," said Zajacova. "Our study also indicates that there is likely a lot of unmet need for better treatment options for people to manage their pain."
The study was based on an online survey of more than 4,000 adults, which asked them to choose up to 10 pain treatment options including things like medication, physical therapy and exercise. Not surprisingly, the greatest predictor of higher frequency of all pain treatments was the level of pain that the person reported. It is the first study to consider a range of self-care strategies like cannabis use and alcohol when exploring pain management among North American adults.
And while alcohol use was the most striking finding, not all the self-care strategies examined in the study are counterproductive. The team found that over-the-counter medications, exercise and acceptance were the most commonly used and were also used most often by those who had low levels of pain.
"What we learned from this survey is that people aren't necessarily just visiting their doctor to manage their pain, and it's important to understand the non-medical and non-pharmacological strategies that people are using, for better or for worse," said Zajacova.
The hope is that this research will help guide clinicians in adopting holistic patient-centred approaches with their patients that include a range of self-care strategies and can initiate conversations around both the counterproductive strategies and the ones that might be of most benefit.
