New research published on Monday, April 15 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) identifies how gentrified parts of a city have notably more urban wildlife than ungentrified parts of the same city, further limiting marginalized communities' opportunity to connect with nature. The study, led by Lincoln Park Zoo's Urban Wildlife Institute, analyzed data from 23 cities across the continental U.S., collected by partners of the Urban Wildlife Information Network (UWIN), a collective of scientists, ecologists, and educators dedicated to understanding biodiversity and mitigating human-wildlife conflict in cities.
Gentrification, defined by Merriam-Webster as "the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process," has been shown to result in inequitable access to urban nature across city populations. In this most recent study from UWI, not only do the results illustrate how the effects of gentrification are felt by animals, but they also provide further evidence of how nature is chronically inaccessible to marginalized urban communities. The study found that, on average, the number of different species living in a gentrified part of a city is 13% higher than in a compositionally comparable ungentrified part of the same city. This means that gentrified neighborhoods can support one to two more species on average, and therefore humans living in these areas have greater exposure to urban wildlife without having to actively seek it out.
"When asking 'in a city, who does and does not have easy access to nature?,' we found that gentrification, which changes the demographic composition of people in neighborhoods, has consequences that extend to other species we share cities with. This leaves marginalized communities without meaningful access to nature, which is a problem," said Mason Fidino, Ph.D., Quantitative Ecologist at Lincoln Park Zoo and lead author on the study. "My hope is that these results can be used to advocate for updated land development and management practices that prioritize social equity and access to nature spaces for all urban communities."
As part of the study, UWIN partners placed motion-detecting wildlife cameras at a total of 999 sites in cities across the country, weaving together a national network to monitor biodiversity between 2019 and 2021. The analysis looked at 21 mammal species across 11 families, including various squirrels, deer, foxes, bobcats, beavers, and more. A data set of this magnitude provides an unprecedented overview of North American mammal distributions across a wide array of urban landscapes from Los Angeles to Boston.
In east coast cities, the study found that gentrification has the greatest effect on alpha diversity, or total number of different species. In west coast cities, however, gentrification had a greater effect on beta diversity, or differences in the composition of species present, between gentrified and non-gentrified parts of cities. This is particularly notable because certain kinds of urban wildlife, like songbirds or rabbits, are generally considered more desirable than other kinds, like rats or mice. So even in west coast cities that have similar richness of wildlife across gentrified and ungentrified areas, the impact of urban wildlife on human quality of life can still vary greatly based on the types of animals present in both areas.
The study found that gentrification is not the only human-made factor impacting urban wildlife, though. Impervious cover, such as concrete, asphalt, and compacted soil, has an even greater effect on non-human animals living in cities. This means that a highly developed gentrified area, such as a downtown neighborhood, will still have less urban wildlife than an ungentrified neighborhood with less impervious cover.
While impervious cover has the most direct impact on animal diversity in urban areas, gentrification can and does lessen the negative effect of impervious cover on mammals. Gentrification often introduces green infrastructure to neighborhoods, like parks and gardens, which provide a respite from urban life for many species big and small. This study ultimately provides further evidence that urban nature is not as accessible to marginalized human populations, emphasizing the need for cities to prioritize environmental equity in planning and development.
This study was made possible through collaboration with UWIN partners including:
- Arizona
- Arizona State University College of Integrative Sciences and Arts
- Arizona State University School of Life Sciences
- Arkansas
- Arkansas Game & Fish Commission
- Hendrix College Biology & Health Sciences Department
- California
- Arroyos & Foothills Conservancy
- California State University Long Beach Department of Biological Sciences
- Conservation Society of California
- Oakland Zoo
- Occidental College Department of Biology
- University of California Berkeley Department of Environmental Science
- Canada
- University of Toronto Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
- Colorado
- Playa Lakes Joint Venture
- University of Colorado Denver Department of Integrative Biology
- Georgia
- University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources
- Illinois
- DePaul University Department of Biological Sciences
- Lincoln Park Zoo
- University of Illinois Prairie Research Institute
- Indiana
- Butler University Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability
- Butler University Department of Biological Sciences
- Iowa
- University of Iowa Department of Geographical and Sustainable Studies
- Maryland
- Wildlife Habitat Council
- Massachusetts
- Boston University Department of Earth and Environment
- Bridgewater State University Department of Biological Sciences
- Lesley University Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
- Mississippi
- Mississippi State University
- Missouri
- University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy
- Washington University Tyson Research Center
- Oregon
- Portland State University Honors College
- Texas
- Memorial Park Conservancy
- University of Houston Department of Biology and Biochemistry
- Utah
- Sageland Collaborative
- University of Utah Science Research Initiative
- Utah's Hogle Zoo
- Washington
- Seattle University Department of Biology
- Woodland Park Zoo
- Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology
Since 2010, the Urban Wildlife Institute at Lincoln Park Zoo has been pioneering the study of interactions between urban development and the natural ecosystem to develop scientific standards for minimizing conflict between them. In 2017, UWI launched the Urban Wildlife Information Network, an alliance of ecologists and educators all over the world using shared methods to collect data on how wildlife adapt to and use cities.
Read the full paper Gentrification drives patterns of alpha and beta diversity in cities, 2023-18596R, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
