Policy changes in fisheries in recent years have had a major impact on the Dutch fishing industry and are determining people's perception of the future. There is great uncertainty about the survival of their own business: only 4 per cent of skipper-owners think they are sure that their own business will still exist in five years' time.
Yet a majority of those surveyed (fishermen and their wives) believe that the Dutch fishing industry still has a right to exist, although the percentage has fallen from 73 per cent in 2008 to 60 per cent now. Almost three quarters do expect the Dutch fishing industry to look very different in the future. This is revealed in a study by Wageningen Economic Research on the social and cultural value of fishing to the fishing community and the consequences of policy changes.
Concerns and mistrust
Much has changed for Dutch fisheries in recent years. For instance, fishing in fewer and fewer parts of the North Sea is allowed due to Brexit, the designation of marine protected area's and the construction of offshore wind farms. But other policies, such as the EU ban on the pulse, also have profound effects on the Dutch fleet. These and other factors have led fishermen and their wives, from large- to small-scale fisheries, in unison to worry about the future.
One such factor is the high price of oil as a result of the war in Ukraine. Respondents say they find it difficult to invest in their business, either because they do not have much space left or because they question whether investing will be profitable because policies are so subject to change. "A lot of anger, incomprehension and powerlessness resonates from the survey," concludes Marloes Kraan, researcher at Wageningen Economic Research. "People feel they are in the damned corner of politics and NGOs. The policy process makes people feel not heard or understood and leads to distrust."
Een van die factoren is de hoge olieprijs als gevolg van de oorlog in Oekraïne. Respondenten geven aan dat zij investeringen moeilijk zien zitten, omdat ze niet veel ruimte meer hebben of omdat ze zich afvragen of die wel rendabel zijn omdat beleid zo aan verandering onderhevig is. "Uit het onderzoek klinkt veel boosheid, onbegrip en onmacht door", concludeert Marloes Kraan, onderzoeker bij Wageningen Economic Research. "Men heeft het gevoel in het verdomhoekje van de politiek en NGO's te zitten. Het proces van beleid geeft mensen het gevoel zich niet gehoord of begrepen te worden en leidt tot wantrouwen."
Family farms in fishing communities
The study mapped all fishing communities. The Netherlands has 44 fishing communities with an active fleet, spread across 34 municipalities; from Terschelling to Breskens. In addition, there are another 84 communities in which fishing is an important part of their history. The socio-cultural value of fishing is considerable, the study shows. Marloes Kraan: "Fishing is not only an economic activity that provides trade, employment, income and food. This study has shown that it also has added social value".
Fishing has historically taken place in the Netherlands by family businesses with shared knowledge and a specific social organization. These companies often have locals on board and are anchored in fishing communities. They contribute to social cohesion, cultural heritage and the social well-being and identity of fishing communities. In addition, fishing contributes greatly to the social well-being of fishermen and their families.
Taking social added value into policy
Fisheries policy is developed in The Hague and Brussels, but its effects are mainly regional, such as in Urk and along the coast of Noord and Zuid Holland, the Waddensea region and Zeeland. The study shows that a contraction of the fishery and uncertainty about the future of those who remain strongly affect the fishing community(s). According to the researcher, it would help if policy-makers had the social dimension of fisheries more in mind.
Kraan: "Two things are important, firstly that social aspects of fishing are better researched and monitored. We see that the social organization of fisheries is under pressure. While it matters for the social added value of fisheries how fishing is done, by whom and in what way. Secondly, that a jointly supported vision of the future of Dutch fishery is created that includes the social added value of fishery. Such a vision should give skipper-owners, their families and their crew members perspective, which will also bring some peace of mind to fishing communities."
