As temperatures rise, New Zealand's dairy farmers face a growing challenge: keeping cows cool enough to remain productive.
Heat stress can reduce milk production , harm animals and lower the environmental efficiency of dairy farming. For an economy so heavily reliant on dairy exports, the stakes are significant.
Over recent years, scientists have been exploring whether gene editing can deliver dairy cattle better able to cope with warmer temperatures, while producing fewer methane emissions. There is also potential for dairy products that carry valuable functions , such as being allergy-free.
Yet, regardless of the scientific promise behind such products, they still must gain consumer acceptance. Would shoppers actually buy gene-edited milk?
Our recently published study suggests they might, particularly if the products offer clear personal benefits and are priced competitively.
What we asked consumers
Gene editing enables specific tweaks to be made to an organism's DNA . This can be done to promote desirable traits or remove undesirable ones - and without necessarily introducing new genetic material.
That sets it apart from traditional genetic modification technology and is seen by some researchers as a more precise approach that may prove more acceptable to consumers.
To understand how people would feel about milk from gene-edited "climate-smart" dairy cows, we surveyed nearly 1,100 New Zealand consumers. Rather than simply ask whether they supported the technology, we wanted to know the trade-offs they might make when faced with real purchasing decisions.
In a choice experiment designed to mimic supermarket shopping, they chose between conventional milk, organic milk and three forms of gene-edited milk.
These included a standard version, an allergy-free version designed to improve digestibility and a version incorporating a "COVID-protection" feature, based on research into milk carrying protective antibodies.
Because cows have not yet been gene-edited for commercial dairy production, our study did not provide participants actual gene-edited milk. Instead, they were asked to evaluate a series of hypothetical products and price points designed to reflect future supermarket choices.
They were first given information about gene editing and "climate-smart" milk before repeatedly selecting their most and least preferred options across a series of shopping scenarios.
This allowed us to examine not just attitudes towards gene editing, but how consumers weigh price, familiarity and potential benefits.
Price and benefits matter most
Overall, we found conventional milk to be the most preferred option. This wasn't surprising. Consumers often trust familiar foods more than unfamiliar technologies, especially when it comes to products they consume regularly.
But the study also showed that consumer resistance to gene-edited milk is neither fixed, nor particularly high. When it was offered at a lower price than conventional milk, for instance, acceptance increased significantly.
We also found acceptance improved when the milk offered clear and easy-to-understand consumer benefits.
Among all the gene-edited products we tested, allergy-free milk was the most popular. This suggests consumers may be more open to food technologies when they can clearly see how the product benefits them personally.
Branding a product allergy-free, for instance, is tangible and easy to understand. By contrast, broader environmental or technical claims can feel more abstract or uncertain to many consumers.
While some consumers found the idea of milk with COVID-protection features appealing, others may have been sceptical or fatigued by pandemic-related messaging.
Compared with allergy-free milk, the health benefit was also more complex and potentially harder to understand.
A pathway to acceptance?
As climate pressures intensify, food systems around the world will likely face difficult trade-offs between sustainability, affordability and productivity.
Technologies such as gene editing may become more attractive, as they promise faster and more targeted solutions than conventional breeding methods.
Our findings suggest there may be a pathway towards greater consumer openness, particularly when innovations deliver direct and meaningful benefits , rather than vague promises of future sustainability.
At the same time, the study shows consumers still value familiarity and simplicity. Traditional products continue to hold a strong advantage , while price remains a major factor shaping purchasing decisions.
Gene-edited foods may therefore succeed not by replacing conventional foods overnight, but by gradually earning consumer trust through clear benefits, affordability and transparent messaging from producers.
For all the cutting-edge science that surrounds them, the future of these innovations ultimately depends on how well consumers believe they fit into their everyday lives.
Damien Mather has received research funding from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
Götz Laible received funding from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment with additional support from CRV Ltd and Livestock Improvement Corporation.
Kara Xiaohui Ma does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
