For decades, engineering textbooks have described electronic circuits called flip-flops as "master" and "slave," referring to the way that one device controls the other. Although attempts have been made to change the racist language-which commonly appears, since flip-flops are fundamental to computing technology-success has not been universal. The actions of one Boston University engineering student are finally helping to change that.
Santiago Gomez, a graduate student in computer engineering, was so perturbed when he encountered the terminology in a textbook-Digital Design, 6th Edition-for his Logic Design course taught by Roscoe Giles, BU College of Engineering professor of electrical and computer engineering, that he wrote to the textbook's publisher, Pearson, calling for the language to be changed.
"The use of the 'master/slave' metaphor to describe the phenomenon of combining two [circuits] is abhorrent," Gomez wrote to Pearson. "As a Latinx student of computer engineering, I request that you update your terminology to prevent further disruption to the learning experience and to take a concrete step towards dismantling systemic racism within engineering."
After praising the engineering content of the book, Gomez added, "The 'master/slave'…terminology proved detrimental to my learning environment. It reminded me that Black people's presence in the sciences is not fully respected. This issue can be remedied by updating the term to reflect current understandings of race in America."
His letter has prompted Pearson to stop distributing the book until the text can be revised. The company is also promising to review its other publications and replace the term throughout its catalogue of textbook offerings, and to contact publishing standards bodies to stimulate broader changes.
Gomez's letter struck a nerve not only with Pearson's team, but also within BU's College of Engineering. When Gomez shared his letter with Wynter Duncanson, the assistant dean for outreach and diversity at BU College of Engineering, she brought the matter to the attention of Dean Kenneth Lutchen and Clem Karl, professor and department chair of electrical and computer engineering.
"There was an immediate response [from them] to make sure this language is removed," Duncanson said. "Karl recalled that this was the [same] language he had seen in school and that we need to use this as a learning experience and change it."
Since hearing about the letter, Lutchen has reached out to the national engineering community to make sure other leaders are aware of the need to make the change.
Giles, one of the longest-serving Black faculty members at BU, has encountered the terminology for many years. "I've been bothered by it all my life," he said, noting that it also appears in other engineering contexts and even in photography. "I had come to see it as undesirable, but unavoidable."
But, when Gomez emailed him with the idea to write the letter and asked for his feedback, Giles said he saw the matter in a renewed light.
"The letter reminded me I should have been more outraged by it," Giles said. "Continuing encounters with an irritation can make you build up a callus. I had built up a callus for this language that I wish I hadn't built up."
"Historically, [the terminology] has been used pretty widely," Giles added. "Its [appearance in the Pearson textbook is] not an exotic or unusual use of the term. It has always been very striking to me. In most of my courses, I try not to use [the master/slave terminology]. I'll use boss/worker or main/subsidiary or something like that."
When he read Gomez's letter, Giles found it eloquent. "I was struck by the sincerity and energy of a student coming to this issue for the first time, and at the time we are in, where a large fraction of the country is ready to address racism," he said. "I thought, this language can easily be changed. I could not have had the insight he had about how it impacted students."
Giles forwarded the letter to a contact at Pearson on June 19 and it quickly rose up the chain of command to one of the company's vice presidents. On June 26, Pearson responded with the pledge to pull the book, revise the text, and do the same for any other Pearson publication where the terminology may appear, and review its policies on the matter.
Gomez-who in 2014 earned a bachelor's degree in sociology from BU and recently enrolled in the BU College of Engineering's Late Entry Accelerated Program, which offers master's degrees in engineering to students with non-engineering backgrounds-said that while the language has offended him since he first encountered it in mid-February, the national movement sparked by George Floyd's killing prompted his action.
"Nothing would have changed if not for the events of the past couple of months," he said. "I hope this will change the editorial policy [at Pearson] and everywhere else [this language is currently used]. The broader goal is to get other publishers to address this as well, and, even more broadly, to get [the field of] engineering to be antiracist."
Gomez and Giles had a follow-up phone call with Pearson on July 8. "The conversation went well," Gomez said. "I am pleased with the expediency and genuineness of their response. They are actively working with their authors to revise the textbooks. They have also reached out to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Association for Computing Machinery about this issue."
Duncanson lauded Pearson's quick decision, but noted that the terminology pervades the engineering field beyond academia. "This is the foundation of our engineering language," she said. "This is propagated throughout our field. The people who are building the field are building it on what is a racist idea. It's really great that the voice of a student was able to speak so loudly and create a new language for the field."
This story, which originally appeared on BU Engineering news, was adapted for style and clarity.
