Global partnerships and Artificial Intelligence (AI) will be key to addressing the growing challenges posed by food contamination, a new study reveals.
The study, co-authored by Professor Lord John Krebs, former Chair of the UK Food Standards Agency, analyses 116 peer-reviewed papers published between 2019 and 2024.
It reveals that that a range of biological, chemical, and physical contaminants combined with emerging risks including demographic changes, economic trends, and environmental degradation could lead to increased health hazards for people around the world.
But combining technological innovation, such as using AI for real-time contamination detection and prediction, with better regulation and international partnerships could help to reduce the risks.
Publishing their findings in the Journal of Environmental Management, researchers from the Universities of Birmingham, Bedfordshire, and Oxford emphasise the urgent need for international collaboration to address the growing challenges posed by food contamination.
The study categorises food contaminants into three main types. Biological contaminants include pathogens like bacteria and viruses, while chemical contaminants encompass pesticides, heavy metals, and naturally occurring toxins. Physical contaminants involve foreign objects such as microplastics and packaging materials.
The researchers also identify six key drivers of current and future food safety risks: demographic changes, economic factors, environmental conditions, geopolitical shifts, consumer priorities, and technological advancements.
Co-author Dr Helen Onyeaka, from the University of Birmingham, commented: "Our review shows that food contamination is a borderless threat that no nation can tackle alone. Pairing next-generation detection technologies with stronger international partnerships will be critical to keeping harmful contaminants out of the global food supply.
"The data reveal that contaminants of emerging concern are surfacing faster than many food-safety systems can track them. Leveraging artificial intelligence for real-time surveillance will enable regulators and industry to spot risks earlier and intervene before they reach consumers."
The researchers highlight the uneven understanding of contaminants of emerging concern and their impact on the food system, environment, and human health. They recommend several policy developments including:
- Greater international collaboration in food contamination research - sharing information and knowledge among international organisations, governments, and industries.
- Harmonising food safety legislation across regions to address the global nature of food contamination
- Investing in cutting-edge detection technologies to significantly improve the transparency and traceability of the food supply chain.
- Identifying regional differences in food contamination prevention measures to address the specific drivers of food safety risks in different regions.
- Increasing public awareness and education on food safety to enhance their understanding of food contamination risks and prevention strategies.
Co-author Professor Lord John Krebs, FRS, commented: "Science-based, transparent regulation must keep pace with the accelerating complexity of the food chain. By integrating real-time data and global cooperation, we can modernise food safety for the challenges ahead."
The study highlights that significant progress has been made in developing novel detection technologies, including biosensors, spectroscopic techniques, and machine learning applications. These technologies offer rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective solutions for detecting food contaminants, enhancing the effectiveness of food safety measures.
However, inconsistent international regulations, lack of structured foresight on emerging risks, and limited uptake of digital innovations in food safety systems.
