A new analysis of North Carolina Medicaid data finds that, while important progress is being made in combatting the state's opioid epidemic, more work is needed to increase the rate at which Medicaid enrollees diagnosed with Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) receive effective medications to treat it. The research is summarized in a Health Affairs blog published today.
The study was conducted by researchers at Duke University and the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill with support from Arnold Ventures.
The resulting white paper and data supplement, which presents information at the county level, identified some encouraging trends in the North Carolina Medicaid population. For example, fewer Medicaid enrollees are using prescription opioids overall. Fewer enrollees are receiving prescription opioids in combination with other medications that are known to increase risk of adverse health outcomes. Importantly, the rate of opioid overdoses also has declined.
However, according to the researchers, the number of Medicaid enrollees with a reported diagnosis of opioid use disorder went from just over 27,000 in 2013-2014 (representing around one percent of the study population) to more than 45,000 by 2017-2018 (or nearly two percent of the study population). This growth is cause for concern, but it may be a reflection of clinicians increasingly identifying and addressing opioid use disorder, the authors conclude.
Fortunately, the number of Medicaid enrollees receiving medications used to treat opioid addiction increased significantly during this same period. But the treatment rate has not kept up with the rising number of people with opioid use problems. Despite absolute gains in the number of people receiving treatment from 2014 to 2017, the treatment rate has actually declined slightly.
"Overall, we are seeing important improvements in the number of Medicaid enrollees with opioid use disorder who receive treatment, reflecting significant federal and state investments in this area. However, the rate of growth of OUD in the population is outpacing the treatment rate," said Principal Investigator Aaron McKethan, PhD., a core faculty member at Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy and Adjunct Professor of Population Health Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine.
The scientific literature indicates that people with opioid use disorder have better outcomes if medication therapy is ongoing and long-term. However, "roughly half of NC Medicaid enrollees who initiate buprenorphine therapy for OUD remain on therapy for at least six months, suggesting that even patients who get treatment face challenges staying on it," according to Marisa Elena Domino, PhD, a research fellow and Principal Investigator with UNC's Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research and a professor of health policy and management at UNC's Gillings School of Global Public Health.
Nationally, retention rates among those receiving medications to treat opioid addiction are generally quite low, and relapse is a recognized part of the disease and recovery process. The fact that half of NC Medicaid enrollees with OUD who initiate medication treatment remain on the medication for at least six months can be viewed as positive compared to national benchmarks. However, it likely means that less than half of treated enrollees with OUD receive continuous treatment long enough to produce the best outcomes. Clearly, more work is needed to close these gaps.
This study focused only on the state's Medicaid program, which covers health care for more than 2 million low-income adults, children, pregnant women, elderly adults and people with disabilities throughout North Carolina.
According to McKethan, "To put these Medicaid findings in context, in North Carolina, about half of people coming to the emergency department for opioid-related overdoses are uninsured. Only 20 percent of uninsured/self-pay people with OUD have received outpatient treatment for their addiction in the past year, roughly half the Medicaid rate. To be sure, Medicaid is an important medical safety net that is also crucial in the ongoing fight against the opioid epidemic throughout North Carolina."
