Saliva samples are easy to obtain and useful for measuring antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in children, which could facilitate epidemiological surveillance in school settings. The study, a collaboration between the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), an institution supported by "la Caixa" Foundation, and the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), followed over 1,500 children who last year attended summer schools in Barcelona. The results were published in BMC Medicine.
One of the pressing questions during this pandemic has been understanding children's susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and their capacity to infect others. An obstacle to answer this question is that most infections in children are mild or asymptomatic, and are therefore missed. To establish whether an individual has been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the past, one needs to look for virus-specific antibodies in blood. Measuring the prevalence of antibodies over time in a cohort of children can provide very valuable epidemiological information. However, this requires techniques that are sensitive (capable of detecting low antibody levels) and minimally invasive (so they can be done frequently).
In this study, performed through the Kids Corona platform, the team led by Carlota Dobaño, from ISGlobal, and Iolanda Jordan, from HSJD, used saliva instead of blood to measure virus-specific antibodies in over 1,500 children who attended different summer schools in Barcelona in 2020, as well as around 400 adult staff. Two saliva samples per participant were analysed, one at the beginning and one at the end of the camp stay, and different antibody types (IgG, IgA and IgM) targeting different viral antigens were measured.
The results show that 3.2% of the summer school participants developed antibodies between the first and second sample, which is indicative of new infections. This is 6 times higher than the infection rate estimated by weekly PCR screening. "It has been reported that some children can be positive for antibodies despite being negative by PCR, which suggests that they can generate an immune response that prevents the establishment of SARS-CoV-2 infection," explains Dobaño, first author of the study. It can also be due to the fact that asymptomatic children have lower viral loads or that they clear the virus faster.
In addition, the analysis shows that the percentage of new infections was higher in adults (2.94%) than in children (1.3%), which suggests differences in infection and transmission dynamics. Finally, contrary to what has been observed in blood, asymptomatic people had higher levels of anti-Spike antibodies in saliva, suggesting these antibodies play a protective role in respiratory mucosae. "This means that anti-Spike antibodies in saliva could be used to measure protective immunity upon vaccination, especially in the case of intranasal vaccines," says Gemma Moncunill, senior coauthor of the study.
"We previously demonstrated in other Kids Corona studies that saliva is useful for detecting virus by PCR. With this study, we demonstrate that it's also an effective and much friendlier way to measure antibodies, making it the ideal sample for children, instead of the more invasive nasal swab," says Jordan.
"Studies using saliva are much easier to perform and do not require specialized staff for its collection," says Juan José García, Chief of Pediatrics at HSJD and coordinator of the Kids Corona study, which means this strategy could prove very useful to measure the incidence in school settings and guide decisions on the kind of measures that need to be implemented.
