Fuel cells are compact energy conversion units that utilize clean energy sources like hydrogen and convert them into electricity through a series of oxidation–reduction reactions. Specifically, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), an integral part of electric vehicles, utilize proton-conductive membranes for operation. Unfortunately, these membranes suffer from a trade-off between high durability and high ion conductivity, affecting the lifetime and performance of PEMFCs.
To overcome this issue, scientists have synthesized chemically and physically modified perfluorosulfonic acid polymer membranes, such as Nafion HP, Nafion XL, and Gore-Select, which have proven to be much more durable than unmodified membranes conventionally employed in fuel-cell operations. Unfortunately, none of the existing proton-conductive membranes have fulfilled the highly challenging technical target—passing an accelerated durability test or a combined chemical and mechanical test—set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to facilitate their use in automobile fuel cells by 2025.
Against this background, a group of researchers from Japan, led by Professor Kenji Miyatake from Waseda University and the University of Yamanashi, has recently synthesized novel proton-conductive membranes for PEMFCs. Their work, published in the journal Science Advances, is co-authored by Dr. Liu Fanghua from Waseda University and the University of Yamanashi and Dr. Ick Soo Kim from Shinshu University.
The researchers synthesized proton-conductive membranes using a partially fluorinated aromatic ionomer (polymer material consisting of thermoplastic resins stabilized by ionic cross-linkages) called SPP–TFP-4.0 (SPP: sulfonated polyphenylene, TFP: bis(trifluoromethyl) terphenylene). They then utilized the push-coating method to reinforce the ionomer either with electrospun, nonwoven, and isotropic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibers with high porosity (78%) or using porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). This resulted in composite membranes, SPP–TFP-4.0–PVDF and SPP–TFP-4.0–ePTFE, of thicknesses 14 and 16 µm, respectively.
The researchers performed a wide variety of tests on these proton-conductive membranes and demonstrated the one reinforced with PVDF to be superior. "It outperformed the state-of-the-art chemically stabilized and physically reinforced perfluorinated Nafion XL membrane in terms of fuel-cell operation and in situ chemical stability at a high temperature of 120oC and a low relative humidity of 30%," highlights Miyatake.
The SPP–TFP-4.0–PVDF membrane demonstrated a long lifetime of 148,870 cycles or 703 hours—over seven times longer than that of the DOE target—in the accelerated durability test with frequent wet-dry cycling under open-circuit-voltage conditions. In addition, it exhibited high chemical stability with little degradation, stable rupture energy at various humidity levels, highly stable mechanical properties from zero to 60% relative humidity at 80oC, and excellent fuel-cell performance at high temperatures (100–120oC).
In effect, the proposed aromatic polymer-based reinforced proton-conductive membrane meets the U.S. DOE's target for future automobile fuel cells, providing a lucrative alternative. Thus, this study could pave the way for PEMFCs with high-temperature operability and durability. "As a result, fuel cell-based electric vehicles may become more powerful and affordable. This would also contribute towards realizing a hydrogen-based, carbon-free society," concludes an optimistic Miyatake.
We, too, hope such highly efficient electric vehicles with powerful, durable, and sustainable fuel cells become a reality soon!
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Reference
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg9057
Authors: Fanghua Liu1,2, Ick S. Kim3, and Kenji Miyatake1,4,5
Affiliations:
1Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
2Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation
3Nano Fusion Technology Research Group, Institute for Fiber Engineering, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University
4Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi
5Department of Applied Chemistry, and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University
About Waseda University
Located in the heart of Tokyo, Waseda University is a leading private research university that has long been dedicated to academic excellence, innovative research, and civic engagement at both the local and global levels since 1882. The University has produced many changemakers in its history, including nine prime ministers and many leaders in business, science and technology, literature, sports, and film. Waseda has strong collaborations with overseas research institutions and is committed to advancing cutting-edge research and developing leaders who can contribute to the resolution of complex, global social issues. The University has set a target of achieving a zero-carbon campus by 2032, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015.
To learn more about Waseda University, visit https://www.waseda.jp/top/en
About Professor Kenji Miyatake
Kenji Miyatake currently serves as a professor at the Clean Energy Research Center at the University of Yamanashi, where he joined as an associate professor in 2001. He also holds the position of professor at Waseda University, where he received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry in 1996. He was a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science postdoctoral fellow at McGill University from 1999 to 2001. He has published more than 200 research articles, which have been cited over 10,000 times. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
