Efforts to enhance peat accumulation in European peatlands, which contain around half of Europe's soil carbon, will require a combination of warm temperatures and a specific depth of the water table, according to a study published July 23, 2025 in the open-access journal PLOS One by Graeme Swindles of Queen's University Belfast, U.K. and colleagues.
Peatlands form via the buildup of plant matter, and they serve an important role in carbon sequestration, containing around half of Europe's soil organic carbon and five times more carbon than its forests. In recent decades, European peatlands have been damaged by human activities, including pollution, draining, and climate change itself. Efforts are underway to restore these environments, but the factors that influence peatland accumulation are poorly understood. In this study, Swindles and colleagues calculate peat accumulation rates over the past 2,000 years from cores taken from 28 peat bogs across Europe.
Among the studied sites, the fastest peat accumulation, up to nearly 0.5 centimeters per year, occurred around the Baltic Sea, at sites in Denmark, Poland, Sweden, and Finland which experience warm and humid summers. The slowest peat accumulation was measured in northern Sweden, which experiences cold winters and a short growing season. Across all sites, peat accumulated fastest in regions with warm summer temperatures, which improves plant growth, and a water table around 10 centimeters below the surface. If the water table is too high, plants struggle to grow, and if the water table is too low, decomposers can rapidly break down peat as it develops.
These results show that rapid peat growth relies on a delicate combination of climate and water conditions, with important implications for peatland restoration efforts. The authors suggest that previous peatland restoration programs should be evaluated to determine if their relative successes or deficiencies corroborate these findings.
The authors add: "Our work demonstrates that European peatlands function most effectively under specific climatic and hydrological conditions."
"Our study suggests that warmer summer temperatures could boost growth rates in European peatlands – but only if the water table stays high enough. We also found that maintaining a water table around 10 cm below the surface is key to allowing peat to grow quickly and store carbon over the long term. These findings strengthen current evidence and have important implications for how we restore and rewet peatlands as part of global efforts to tackle climate change."
In your coverage, please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS One: http://plos.io/3GrN5Ft
Citation: Swindles GT, Mullan DJ, Brannigan NT, Fewster RE, Sim TG, Gallego-Sala A, et al. (2025) Climate and water-table levels regulate peat accumulation rates across Europe. PLoS One 20(7): e0327422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327422
Author countries: Canada, U.K., Poland, France, U.S., Romania, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Switzerland, Netherlands.
Funding: We acknowledge all the organizations that have funded the data used in this analysis: Academy of Finland; Department for Employment and Learning (Northern Ireland); European Commission (Fifth Framework); INTERACT (European Community's Seventh Framework Programme); Irish Discovery Programme; Leverhulme Trust; National Science Centre (Poland); Natural Environment Research Council (UK); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; Polish National Science Centre (2021/41/B/ST10/00060 and 2021/03/Y/ST10/00093 [BIODIVRESTORE]); Quaternary Research Association; Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union; Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science; Swiss National Science Foundation; World University Network; Wüthrich Fund (University of Neuchâtel); and Yorkshire Water. T.G.S. was funded by the Leeds–York Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Doctoral Training Partnership (grant no. NE/L002574/1). T.E.T. acknowledges NERC Doctoral Training Grant no. NE/G52398X/1. JMGs contribution represents NRCan contribution number/Numéro de contribution de RNCan: 20230392. This paper is a contribution to the PAGES C-PEAT group. PAGES is supported by the Swiss Academy of Sciences and Future Earth. This research was supported by a grant to G.T.S from the UK Leverhulme Trust (Grant No. RPG-2021-354) and a grant to E.M.K from UKRI NERC (Grant No. UKRI182).
