An ambitious project set-up to map conditions underneath the surface of the Earth in unprecedented detail has been launched by scientists.
Combining state-of-the-art technology with the latest high-performance computing, a UK team led by researchers at Cardiff University are aiming to create the very first 4D maps of the Earth's mantle – a huge layer of slowly moving rock that sits beneath our surface.
This circulation of rock has quite literally shaped the world we live in today, from our islands and continents to our mountain ranges and ocean floor ridges, and therefore holds the blueprint for how our planet has evolved.
The team aims to create computerised maps of the flow of the Earth's mantle over the past 1 billion years, representing the temperature, density, and velocity of the mantle over that time period, providing a complete 4D model.
"Just like discovering DNA opened up our understanding of biology, mapping the mantle flow will open up our understanding of how the Earth has been shaped across its history," said principal researcher on the project Professor Huw Davies from Cardiff University's School of Earth and Ocean Sciences.
The theory of plate tectonics, the division of Earth's outer shell into several gliding plates, has revolutionised the sciences and allowed us to truly understand the motion of Earth's surface.
Yet, plate tectonic theory does not tell us about the processes deeper in the Earth that drive plate motions, nor does it explain some of the most dramatic events in Earth history, such as the breakup of plates, the outpouring of huge volumes of lava and mass extinction events.
The Earth's mantle functions like one giant plumbing system where heat is transferred up from the hot core to the surface and then back again, in one big cycle.
This transfer of heat via upflow and downflow, known as upwelling and downwelling, is facilitated by the rocks in the mantle which move at extremely slow speeds – roughly the same speed that a fingernail grows.
The process of upwelling, the movement of heat up from the core, remains much of a mystery to scientists, particularly how it correlates with the movement of tectonic plates, and will be the main focus of this research project.
Upwelling is also of great interest to scientists as there are regions or 'hotspots' on the surface of the Earth where it has historically resulted in the outpouring of huge amounts of lava, ashes and gases into the atmosphere that have had devastating impacts on life on Earth.
These areas, known as Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), are now seen as deposits of igneous rocks that can cover thousands of square kilometres and are hundreds of meters thick.
For example, the Deccan Traps, an LIP that covered a large part of India, was partly responsible, together with a major meteorite impact in Mexico, for the demise of the dinosaurs, whilst another LIP, the Siberian Traps, was responsible for the largest extinction event ever of life on Earth.
