Minhal Gardezi (left) and Uwe Bergmann prepare a leaf of the Gutenberg Bible for scanning. Image provided by Minhal Gardezi
In 15th century Germany, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, a machine that allowed for mass production of texts. It is considered by many to be one of the most significant technological advancements of the last millennium.
Though Gutenberg often receives credit as the inventor of the printing press, sometime earlier, roughly 5,000 miles away, Koreans had already developed a movable-type printing press.
There is no question that East Asians were first. There is also no question that Gutenberg's invention in Europe had a far greater impact.
A 19th century Asian woodblock carving, with the Chinese characters at the top and Korean characters at the bottom. Chinese characters are more elaborate and overlap than Korean ones, so this print had to come from a carved woodblock and not moveable type. By scanning prints made by both metal movable type and woodblock carvings, the researchers will be able to compare differences in the techniques and possibly gain insight into the nature of the presses themselves. Image provided by Minhal Gardezi
"What is not known is whether Gutenberg knew about the Korean printing or not. And if we could shed light on that question, that would be earth shattering," says Uwe Bergmann, a professor of physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who, with UW-Madison physics graduate student Minhal Gardezi, is part of a large, interdisciplinary team that is analyzing historical texts.
He adds: "But even if we don't, we can learn a lot about early printing methods, and that will already be a big insight."
These texts include pages from a Gutenberg bible and Confucian texts, and they're helping investigate these questions. The team includes 15th century Korean texts experts, Gutenberg experts, paper experts, ink experts and many more.
An XFR is used to scan an 18th century Korean leaf. To scan a page of text, the researchers first mount it into a metal holder. The "pizza slice" apparatus on the right is the incident beam line, and the metal tube on the left detects fluorescence.
How did two physicists end up participating in a seemingly very non-physics cultural heritage project? Bergmann had previously worked on other historical text analyses, where he pioneered the application of a technique known as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging.
In XRF imaging, a powerful machine called a synchrotron sends an intense and very small X-ray beam - about the diameter of a human hair - at a page of text at a 45-degree angle. The beam excites electrons in the atoms that make up the text, requiring another electron to fill in the space left by the first (all matter is made up of atoms, which contain even smaller components called electrons).
The second electron loses energy in the process, and that energy is released as a small flash of light. A detector placed strategically nearby picks up that light, or its X-ray fluorescence, and measures both its intensity and the part of the light spectrum to which it belongs.
One of the leaves scanned printed by a Korean movable type printing press in 1442. One of the team members from UNESCO, Angelica Noh, traveled with the preserved documents from Korea to SLAC. Image provided by Minhal Gardezi
"Every single element on the periodic table emits an X-ray fluorescence spectrum that is unique to that atom when hit with a high-energy X-ray. Based on its 'color,' we know exactly which element is present," says Gardezi. "It's a very high-precision instrument that tells you all the elements that are at every location in a sample."
With this information, researchers can effectively create an elemental map of the document. By rapidly scanning a page across the X-ray beam, they can create a record of the XRF spectrum at each pixel. One page can produce several million XRF spectra.
This summer, Bergmann and Gardezi were part of a team that used XRF scanning at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California to produce elemental maps of several large areas from original pages of a first-edition, 42-line Gutenberg Bible (dating back to 1450 to 1455 A.D.) and from Korean texts dating back to the early part of that. century.
They scanned the texts at a rate of around one pixel every 10 milliseconds, then filtered the data by elemental signature, providing high-resolution maps of which elements are present and in what relative quantities.
