Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have developed a method based on artificial intelligence for histopathological diagnosis and grading of prostate cancer. The AI-system has the potential to solve one of the bottlenecks in today's prostate cancer histopathology by providing more accurate diagnosis and better treatment decisions. The study, presented in The Lancet Oncology, shows that the AI-system is as good at identifying and grading prostate cancer as world-leading uro-pathologists.
"Our results show that it is possible to train an AI-system to detect and grade prostate cancer on the same level as leading experts," says Martin Eklund, associate professor at the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Karolinska Institutet who led the study. "This has the potential to significantly reduce the workload of uro-pathologists and allow them to focus on the most difficult cases."
A problem in today's prostate pathology is that there is a certain degree of subjectivity in the assessments of the biopsies. Different pathologists can reach different conclusions even though they are studying the same samples. This leads to a clinical problem where the doctors must pick treatment based on ambiguous information. In this context, the researchers see significant potential to use the AI-technology to increase the reproducibility of the pathological assessments.
To train and test the AI system, the researchers digitized more than 8,000 biopsies taken from some 1,200 Swedish men in the ages of 50-69 to high-resolution images using digital pathology scanners. About 6,600 of the samples were used to train the AI system to spot the difference between biopsies with or without cancer. The remaining samples, and additional sets of samples collected from other labs, were used to test the AI system. Its results were also compared against the assessments of 23 world-leading uro-pathologists. The study was conducted in collaboration with researchers at Tampere University in Finland.
Near-perfect detection
The findings showed that the AI-system was almost near-perfect in determining whether a sample contained cancer or not, as well as in estimating the length of the cancer tumor in the biopsy. When it comes to determining the severity of the prostate cancer, the so-called Gleason score, the AI system was on par with the international experts.
"When it comes to grading the severity of the prostate cancer, the AI is in the same range as international experts, which is very impressive, and when it comes to diagnostics, to determine whether or not it is cancer, the AI is simply outstanding," says Lars Egevad, professor in pathology at Karolinska Institutet and co-author of the study.
Pan-European validation study underway
The initial findings are promising but more validation is needed before the AI system may be rolled out broadly in clinical practice, according to the researchers. That is why a multicenter study spanning nine European countries is currently underway with completion slated by the end of 2020. That study aims to train the AI-system to recognize cancer in biopsies taken from different laboratories, with different types of digital scanners and with very rare growth patterns. In addition, a randomized study starting in 2020 will examine how the AI-model may be implemented in Sweden's health care system.
"AI-based evaluation of prostate cancer biopsies could revolutionize future health care," says Henrik Grönberg, professor in cancer epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet and head of the Prostate Cancer Center at S:t Göran Hospital in Stockholm. "It has the potential to improve the diagnostic quality, and thereby secure a more equitable care at a lower cost."
"The idea is not that AI should replace the human involvement, but rather act as a safety net to ensure that pathologists don't miss some cancers, and assist in standardization of grading," says Martin Eklund. "It could also serve as an alternative in parts of the world where there is a complete lack of pathological expertise today."
Facts:
- Prostate cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men in Sweden.
- More than 20 million prostate biopsies are examined every year in Europe and in the U.S.
- There is a shortage of pathologists in Sweden and internationally, and in many developing countries, the ratio is fewer than one pathologist per 1 million people.
- Efforts to reduce mortality in prostate cancer are often hampered by the difficulty in making objective and reproduceable pathological assessments of prostate biopsies.
The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare (FORTE), Swedish eScience Research Center, Academy of Finland, Cancer Society of Finland, Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, Industrial Research Fund of Tampere University of Technology, KAUTE Foundation, Orion Research Foundation, Svenska Tekniska Vetenskapsakademien i Finland, Tampere University Foundation, Tampere University graduate school, The Finnish Society of Information Technology and Electronics, TUT on World Tour programme and the European Research Council.
Publication
"Artificial intelligence for diagnosis and grading of prostate cancer in biopsies: a population-based, diagnostic study", Peter Ström, Kimmo Kartasalo, Henrik Olsson, Leslie Solorzano, Brett Delahunt, Daniel M Berney, David G Bostwick, Andrew J. Evans , David J Grignon, Peter A Humphrey, Kenneth A Iczkowski, James G Kench, Glen Kristiansen, Theodorus H van der Kwast, Katia RM Leite, Jesse K McKenney, Jon Oxley, Chin-Chen Pan, Hemamali Samaratunga, John R Srigley, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Toyonori Tsuzuki, Murali Varma, Ming Zhou, Johan Lindberg, Cecilia Lindskog, Pekka Ruusuvuori, Carolina Wählby, Henrik Grönberg, Mattias Rantalainen, Lars Egevad, Martin Eklund, The Lancet Oncology, Jan. 8, 2020, doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30738-7
