(MEMPHIS, Tenn. – July 22, 2026) Antibiotics are a medical marvel, but many microbes are gaining the ability to resist and tolerate these therapeutics. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists have uncovered how S. pneumoniae adapts to antibiotic exposure and immune pressures. Their findings reveal that changes in RNA regulation enable bacteria to enter a state of antibiotic tolerance. The results provide a deeper understanding of how pathogens survive treatment and could inform strategies to improve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics. The findings were published today in Cell Host & Microbe.
For children with cancer and other conditions that weaken the immune system, bacterial infections remain a significant clinical challenge because immune suppression can make infections more difficult to control and increase the risk of serious complications. S. pneumoniae, a leading cause of serious bacterial infections worldwide, can be particularly dangerous in these patients and may cause severe illnesses, including pneumonia, bloodstream infections and meningitis. While antibiotics are critical for preventing and treating these infections, some bacteria can survive antibiotic exposure through mechanisms such as antibiotic resistance or antibiotic tolerance.
"Being able to target the bacterial populations that are refractory to antibiotic treatment is absolutely critical," explained corresponding author Jason Rosch , PhD, St. Jude Department of Host-Microbe Interactions . "We have uncovered a new strategy for how bacteria respond to antibiotics, which provides new insights into how persistent infections develop. These insights could guide the strategies to improve antibiotic effectiveness."
Host pressures drive bacterial survival strategies beyond resistance
Using an infection model that tracked how S. pneumoniae evolved within the host, the researchers found that the pressures of the host environment and immune system shaped S. pneumoniae evolution. This evolution favored adaptations that allowed the bacteria to tolerate antibiotic exposure while maintaining their ability to persist rather than acquire resistance mutations that could compromise their fitness during infection.
Single-cell analyses revealed that this tolerance strategy involved a bet-hedging response, in which the bacterial population adopted different survival states in response to antibiotic stress. While many bacterial cells headed toward cell death after antibiotic exposure, a subset entered a temporary state of antibiotic tolerance, slowing normal cellular activity and reducing the damage caused by treatment.
The researchers found that this response was driven by changes in RNA regulation, including mutations in rny, a gene involved in RNA degradation. Tolerant cells prevented the cellular damage typically caused by antibiotics and entered a protective low-activity state that allowed them to survive treatment and rapidly resume growth once antibiotics were removed.
"It's essentially a population-based survival strategy," said Rosch. "If every cell responded to antibiotics in the same way, the population would be less likely to survive. Instead, we found that while most cells died, a small subset transiently survived antibiotic exposure and drove regrowth after treatment ended."
These findings highlight the importance of understanding how bacteria survive antibiotic exposure. This knowledge is critical for designing novel antibiotics and enhancing their performance.
"I think this really opens our eyes to the fact that bacteria have many more strategies for evading antibiotics than we currently appreciate," said Rosch. "Antibiotic treatment can fail even in the absence of traditional resistance. This reveals the importance of tolerance mechanisms that allow bacteria to persist, which willhelp guide new strategies to improve antibiotic effectiveness."
Authors and funding
The study's co-first authors are Andrew Nishimoto, St. Jude; Juan Ortiz-Marquez and Yanying Yu, Boston Children's Hospital; and Michelle Scribner, University of Pittsburgh. The study's other authors are Qidong Jia, Haley Echlin, Amy Iverson, Abigail McKnight, Nadia Olivero, Aaron Poole, Enolia Marr, Jordan Coggins, Chrispin Chaguza, Randolph Larsen IV and Mark Hatley, St. Jude; Adam Rosenthal, UNC School of Medicine; Ralph Isberg, Tufts University School of Medicine; Vaughn Cooper, University of Pittsburgh; and Tim van Opijnen, Boston Children's Hospital.
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (5U01AI124302, 7U19AI158076 and 7R01AI148470) and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC), the fundraising and awareness organization of St. Jude.
