(ORLANDO, Dec. 6, 2025) Compared with white patients, Black patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were on average more than five years younger at diagnosis, more than 30% more likely to die of their disease, and more than 20% more likely to die of any cause, according to an analysis of data conducted over a 34-year period and supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is a component of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Among patients with a mutation in their cancer cells that is generally associated with more favorable outcomes from AML treatment, survival for Black patients was less than half that of white patients.
"To our knowledge, this study includes data for a larger number of Black patients than any other such study of AML survival across NCI-supported clinical trials," said study first author Shella Saint Fleur-Lominy, MD, PhD, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and a member of the cancer therapeutics program at the University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center. "Our findings confirm those of previous, smaller studies that Black patients with AML develop the disease at a significantly younger age, on average, than white patients and, even when treated in clinical trials, have significantly worse outcomes than white patients."
AML is a rare, fast-growing cancer that starts in the bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells form. Early blood-forming cells change (mutate) and begin to grow out of control, resulting in large numbers of abnormal, immature blood cells that spill into the bloodstream and crowd out healthy cells. As a result, AML can cause organs to stop working properly and make the body very sick. Doctors base treatment recommendations on biopsy tests that identify the "profile" of mutations in a patient's AML cells because different drugs can target different mutations, leading to better responses to treatment and longer survival.
Years of published reports have shown poorer outcomes for Black patients treated for AML compared with white patients, Dr. Saint Fleur-Lominy said; the reasons for this disparity are not completely understood. In one recent study , Black patients diagnosed in their teens or under age 40 had worse outcomes than their white counterparts even when they had mutations that, in white patients, are usually associated with more favorable treatment outcomes.
Clinical trials often allow patients with cancer to access novel therapies for their disease before they become widely available. After decades of efforts to promote access to clinical trials for patients of all backgrounds, a 2020 report showed an increase in the number of Black patients in trials supported by the NCI. A related study found a higher rate of Black patients in NCI-sponsored trials than in pharmaceutical company trials. Still, Black patients remain underrepresented in many clinical trials, Dr. Saint Fleur-Lominy said.
In this study, she and her colleagues reviewed the medical records of all patients with newly diagnosed AML who were enrolled in 10 ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group clinical trials between 1984 and 2019 (ECOG-ACRIN is a member of the NCI's National Clinical Trials Network). The research team then compared white and Black patients' overall survival (i.e., death from any cause), disease-free survival (i.e., the length of time after treatment during which a patient has no signs of the disease returning), and the genetic mutations found in their cancer cells.
They collected data for a total of 3,469 white patients, 184 Black patients, and 156 patients of other races and ethnicities. Across the 10 trials, the proportion of Black patients enrolled ranged from around 1% to 11%. The median age of Black patients at AML diagnosis was 47.9 years, compared with 53.5 years for white patients, a statistically significant difference. Moreover, compared with white patients, Black patients had a 31.3% higher risk of dying from AML and 21.2% higher risk of dying from any cause.
Results showed that the most common mutations seen in AML cells occurred at similar rates in Black and white patients. However, among patients with a mutation in one particular gene, known as NPM1, the analysis found a significant difference in overall survival, with Black patients surviving for a median of 8.9 months compared with 19.1 months for white patients.
"Although the NPM1 mutation is typically associated with more favorable outcomes of AML treatment, we did not see those more favorable outcomes in Black patients," said Dr. Saint Fleur-Lominy.
While similar numbers of Black and white patients overall received transplants of blood-forming stem cells, fewer Black patients (37.1%) than white patients (48.5%) received stem cells from a healthy, compatible donor. This type of transplant offers patients with high-risk AML the best chance of a cure, Dr. Saint Fleur-Lominy said. The alternative, collecting the patient's own stem cells and reinfusing them after high-dose chemotherapy, is no longer considered a standard treatment for AML in the United States, she added.
A limitation of the study, she said, is that data on patients' mutations profiles are less comprehensive than she and her team would have liked. The study includes data for patients treated across four decades, she said, and the advanced technology now available to perform such testing did not exist when clinical trials of AML treatment were conducted in earlier decades.
As a next step, Dr. Saint Fleur-Lominy said that she would like to see the data from this study combined with other data sets of patients with AML to increase the number of patients with comprehensive genetic data and confirm whether the association of certain genetic mutations with AML outcomes differs in Black patients compared with white patients.
This study was conducted by the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group and supported by the NCI.
Shella Saint Fleur-Lominy, MD, PhD, of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, will present this study on Saturday, December 6, 2025, at 2:15 p.m. Eastern time in W415A (Valencia Room) of the Orange County Convention Center.
