CHAPEL HILL, N.C. — The most popular rap songs in the United States are increasingly referencing depression and suicide and mixing in metaphors about mental health struggles, according to a study from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill published in JAMA Pediatrics.
"These artists are considered the 'coolest' people on earth right now," said lead study author Alex Kresovich, a media fellow at UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media. "The fact that they are talking about mental health could have huge implications for how young people perceive mental health or how they look at themselves if they struggle with mental health, which we know millions and millions of young people do."
The proportion of rap songs that referenced mental health more than doubled between 1998 and 2018 — the year rap outsold country to become the best-selling genre of music.
Researchers at Carolina who led the study said the increase in mental health messages from rap artists could shape the conversation around mental health for their young listeners who are at an increased risk of experiencing mental health issues.
Psychological stress among those 18 to 25 years old has reached new highs and suicide rates have climbed among black teenagers and U.S. youth who make up a significant portion of rap's large and growing audience.
But the rap audience is a mix of listeners from all genders, races and varying socioeconomic groups, which adds to artists' power to influence, Kresovich said. The artists are also largely their peers, he said. The average age of the artists behind the 125 rap songs analyzed for the study was 28 years old.
Researchers analyzed lyric sheets from the 25 most popular rap songs in the U.S. in 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018 for the study. Most lead artists were black men and nearly one-third of the songs referenced anxiety, 22% referenced depression and 6% referenced suicide.
True to its autobiographical style, rap music artists may be reflecting the distress felt by themselves and the people around them, authors said.
Expressing emotion between beats
Most surprising in the analysis was the rise of mental health metaphors in rap songs. Those metaphors could help to understand the language used to describe mental health.
Phrases like "pushed to the edge," or "fighting my demons," may suggest anxiety without explicitly noting anxiety.
"Using metaphors may be a safe way to avoid being judged," Kresovich said. "For men, especially men of color, mental health is still stigmatized.
"Artists are treading lightly and aren't going to say, 'I'm depressed.' But what they will do is describe feelings in a way that others with depression can understand and relate to," he said.
Francesca R. Dillman Carpentier, a media professor at Hussman School of Journalism and Media, and Krescovich developed the study, along with UNC-Chapel Hill co-authors Daniel Riffe and Meredith K. Reffner Collins.
Krescovich, a former music producer now studying health communication, said that although rap has always been a personal and narrative music form, he could hear things changing.
The stressed-out and vulnerable Geto Boys rapping, "Mind Playing Tricks on Me," in 1991, was no longer a one-off as emotions were increasingly laid bare between the beats of so many chart-topping rap songs by Drake, Post Malone, Juice Wrld, Eminem, Lil' Wayne, Jay-Z, Kanye West and others.
In the songs Krescovich and Collins analyzed and coded for the study, the most common mental health stressors were love and environmental issues, roughly defined as stressors arising from the artist's day-to-day experiences.
But the study authors faced the challenge of interpreting artists' intended meaning behind their lyrics and the analysis could not determine if listeners consider the messages as positive or negative.
Previous research has shown that celebrity mental health disclosures can diminish stigma and encourage fans to get help.
